F-35A Lightning II na Europe
Emebere F-35 dị ka ụgbọ elu ọgụ nke na-ahụ maka netwọkụ, na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ọnụ ụzọ na nke a, ebe ọ na-enyekwa ihe netwọkụ ndị ọzọ nwere eserese dabara adaba. Nke a ga-eme ka ọkwa nke mmata ọnọdụ ọnọdụ nke ihe niile dị na netwọk ahụ ruo n'ọkwa nhata na mmata ọnọdụ nke onye na-anya ụgbọelu F-35.
Na Jenụwarị 31, emume gọọmentị nke ịbịanye aka na nkwekọrịta maka ịzụrụ ụgbọ elu 32 Lockheed Martin F-35A Lightning II maka ndị agha ikuku Polish mere na Deblin. Ya mere, Poland sonyeere mba Europe asaa ndị ahọrọlarị F-35 - Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, Turkey, Italy na UK. N'iji ohere a, ọ bara uru igosi ọganihu na ọnọdụ ugbu a nke mmemme ịzụ ahịa F-35A na mba ndị dị n'elu na ntinye aka nke ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara na mmejuputa mmemme mmepụta na mmezi maka ụgbọ elu ụwa nke ụdị a.
Ọgbọ nke ise F-35 Lightning II (Joint Strike Fighter, JSF) mmemme ụgbọ elu ọtụtụ ebumnuche bụ mba ụwa site na mmalite. Emepụtara ụdị atọ nke F-35 iji dochie ọtụtụ ụdị ụgbọ elu ejiri ma na US na mba ndị jikọrọ aka: F / A-18 Hornet, F-16 Fighting Falcon, F-4 Phantom II, A-10 Thunderbolt II, Tornado, AMX na Harrier. Mba ndị nwere mmasị inweta F-35 na izute ihe nchekwa US nwere ike isonye na usoro mmepe na ngosipụta (SDD) nke mmemme JSF. N'ịgbanwe maka onyinye ego, ha nwere ike ịga n'ihu na-ekere òkè na ule arụmọrụ, na mgbe ahụ na mmepụta ihe dị ukwuu, na-aghọ ihe a na-akpọ. mmekọ mmekọ (Cooperative Program Partners, CPP).
Dabere na ọkwa nke ntinye aka nke ndị mmekọ mba ọzọ, e kewara CPP n'ime otu atọ. Naanị Tier 1 onye mmekọ (Tier 1 ma ọ bụ Ọkwa 2004) bụ UK, onye ntinye ego ya site na 2,056 bụ $ 5,1 ijeri (mgbe ahụ ọ bụ 2002% nke ngụkọta ọnụ ahịa SDD). Tupu 1,028, Ịtali ($ 2,5; 800%) na Netherlands ($ 2,0 nde; 2%) sonyekwara JSF dị ka ndị mmekọ Tier / Tier 144. Australia (0,4 nde; 110%) , Denmark (0,3 nde; 100%), Canada (0,2 nde; 122%), Norway (0,3 nde; 175%) na Turkey (0,4 nde; 3%) ghọrọ Tier 35 Partners. (Ọkwa / Ọkwa XNUMX). N'aka nke ya, Israel na Singapore sonyeere mmemme JSF dị ka ndị a na-akpọ ndị na-emekọ ihe ọnụ maka nchekwa (SCP) - a gwara ha banyere mmemme ahụ, mana ha esoghị na ya. A na-emeso ndị na-azụ ahịa F-XNUMX fọdụrụnụ dị ka ndị ahịa mbupụ.
N'etiti mba Europe nke NATO, Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Turkey (nke agbanyeghị, ewepụrụ na mmemme ahụ na 35) na ,tali, ka gosipụtara ọchịchọ ha iji nweta ụgbọ elu F-2019A na mgbapụ na-emekarị. ọdịda (CTOL), na F-35B Short Takeoff and Vertical Landing (STOVL) gaa UK na Italy (lee Aviation International No. 8/2019). Ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịzụta ụgbọ elu Europe nke F-35 gụnyere Finland, Greece, Spain, Romania na Switzerland, mana enwebeghị mkpebi siri ike na ha.
Nkwenye nke ụgbọ elu F-35 pụtara ọ bụghị nanị mmụba ngwa ngwa na ikike ịlụ ọgụ na ike ịrụ ọrụ nke Air Force, kamakwa mgbanwe dị mkpa na mmemme ọzụzụ maka ndị ọrụ na usoro maka ịnọgide na-enwe, ịrụzi na overhauling airframes, engines na avionics. A na-achọkwa itinye ego dị oke ọnụ na akụrụngwa nke ntọala ikuku, yana akụrụngwa na ihe maka njikwa ala nke ụgbọ elu. Otu nkwụghachi ụgwọ maka ụgwọ ndị a na-enweta bụ ntinye aka nke ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara na mmemme maka mmepụta, mmezi na imeziwanye ụgbọ elu (Production, Sustainment and Follow-on Development, PSFD), nke e mere maka ọtụtụ iri afọ. Nke a na-ewetara mba ndị kpebiri ịzụta F-35 uru akụ na ụba dị ogologo oge, dị ka ịnweta teknụzụ ọhụrụ, ọrụ, ego mmefu ego.
Belgium
Mkparịta ụka maka inweta ndị ga-anọchi anya ụgbọ elu F-16 malitere na Belgium ihe karịrị afọ iri gara aga, mana ọ bụ na Machị 17, 2017 ka gọọmentị kwupụtara òkù gọọmentị maka inye onyinye. Ndị asọmpi F-35A na ACCAP (Air Combat Capability Program) ga-abụ Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, Dassault Rafale, Eurofighter Typhoon na Saab JAS 39E/F Gripen. N'April 19 nke otu afọ ahụ, Boeing wepụrụ na nro ahụ. Ndị Sweden mere otu ihe ahụ na 10 Julaị. N'October, gọọmentị Belgium jụrụ atụmatụ French na teknụzụ. Na Jenụwarị 19, 2018, US State Department kwetara na enwere ike ịre 34 F-35 dị ka Belgium n'okpuru usoro FMS (ahịa ndị agha mba ofesi).
Ekwesịrị ka edozi ya na June 2018, mana ebigharịrị ya na Ọktọba. N'ihi nnukwu ọnụ ahịa, Brussels na-atụle nhọrọ ndị ọzọ, gụnyere inyeghachi France ọzọ ma ọ bụ kwalite F-16 dị adị. N'ikpeazụ, na October 25, 2018, e kpebiri ịhọrọ ụgbọ elu F-35A na Block 4 avionics software. N'ihi ya, Belgium ghọrọ mba nke iri na atọ ịzụta F-35. N'oge ogbako ogbako, Minista Nchebe Belgium Stephen Vandeput kwupụtara na atụmatụ America bụ nke kachasị mma na nke ọ bụla n'ime usoro nyocha asaa, na F-35A bụ nhọrọ kacha mma maka obodo anyị n'ihe gbasara ego, ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ.
A na-atụ anya na ọnụ ahịa ịzụta 34 F-35As, yana ngwa ngwa na ọzụzụ ndị ọrụ, site na afọ 3,8, ego nkwekọrịta nwere ike ịbụ 4 ijeri euro). A na-atụ anya na nnyefe ga-amalite na 2030 wee gaa n'ihu ruo na njedebe nke afọ iri. A ga-enweta njikere ịrụ ọrụ mmalite (IOC) n'etiti 6,53, na njikere ịrụ ọrụ zuru oke (FOC) - na Jenụwarị 2023. Dị ka atụmatụ si dị, F-2027A ga-anọgide na mpaghara ụgbọ elu (Luchtcomponent; Composante Air; [Belgian]. Akụkụ ikuku) nke ndị agha nchekwa Belgian (Nchekwa; La Défense; Ndị agha nchekwa [Belgian]) ruo opekata mpe 2029.
Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ Belgium na-ekere òkè na mmemme F-35. Ụlọ ọrụ Dutch Fokker Teknụzụ enyela iwu ka a na-emepụta fins damper site na Asco Industries na Zaventem. Na Machị 2018, Sonaca nke dabere na Gosselis bịanyere aka na Lockheed Martin nkwekọrịta iji rụpụta ihe nhazi F-35 nke ọ bụla. N'aka nke ya, mgbanye! (njikọ n'etiti Sonaca na Sabena Aerospace) ga-ejikwa ngwa agha (njikwa ọrụ, nkesa ihe ndị ọzọ, ngwá ọrụ ala, nrụzi ụgbọ elu na nkwalite ngwá ọrụ) na ọzụzụ pilot na makaniiki. N'okpuru nkwekọrịta ya na Pratt & Whitney Belgium Engine Center (BEC) dị na Liege, nke ụlọ ọrụ Norwegian AIM Norway nwere, ọ ga-esonye na nyocha oge, nrụzi na ngbanwe nke engines F135. Ngwọta ILIAS ga-enye ngwaọrụ IT maka njikwa ụgbọ mmiri, ndozi na ịzụrụ ihe.
Denmark
Denmark kwupụtara ọchịchọ ya isonye na mmemme JSF na 1997 wee bụrụ onye mmekọ ọkwa nke atọ na 2002. N'August 2005, gọọmentị Danish wepụtara usoro iji nweta ndị agha ọhụrụ (mmemme Nyt Kampfly) iji dochie F-16 ejiri na Air Force (Flyvevåbnet; Royal Danish Air Force, RDAF). N'oge ahụ, a tụlere ịzụrụ ụgbọ ala iri anọ na asatọ. N'ime ndị a na-eme ntuli aka bụ Lockheed Martin F-48A, Saab JAS 35 Gripen na Eurofighter Typhoon. Otú ọ dị, French Rafale anọghị ya ka Dassault wepụrụ na nro ahụ. Na Disemba 39, Eurofighter wepụrụkwa asọmpi ahụ, mana na Mee 2007 Boeing sonyeere F/A-2008E/F Super Hornet. A ga-ahọrọ imeri emeri na 18, mana n'oge na-adịghị anya a na-egbu oge nro ahụ site na otu afọ, na na March 2009, ejidere usoro ihe omume niile n'ihi ego.
Na Machị 13, 2013, ndị Denmark maliteghachiri usoro ịdị nro, na-akpọ otu ụlọ ọrụ anọ ahụ ka ha sonye. Oge a ọ bụ maka ịzụrụ ụgbọ elu 24-32. E zipụrụ arịrịọ zuru ezu na Eprel 10, 2014, na enwetara ntinye akwụkwọ atọ site na Julaị 21 (Saab wepụrụ n'ọkwa ahụ ka ọ dị ugbu a). Mkpebi maka ịhọrọ ụdị ụgbọ elu a kapịrị ọnụ ka ekwesịrị ime na njedebe nke June 2015, mana na Mee 27 ọ yigharịrị. Na njedebe, ọ bụ naanị na May 12, 2016 ka Prime Minister Danish Lars Løkke Rasmussen na Minista na-ahụ maka nchekwa Peter Christensen kwupụtara na gọọmentị ga-akwado ndị omeiwu ịzụta 27 F-35A dị ihe dị ka ijeri US $ 3 (CZK 20 ijeri). Na June 9, ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị kwadoro mkpebi gọọmentị. A bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwekọrịta maka mmepụta na ịnye nkeji asatọ maka usoro LDIP 12 na 2018. N'ikpeazụ, a ga-enye iwu nkeji abụọ maka usoro LRIP 13 yana anọ maka usoro 14 LDIP.
Na Jenụwarị 16, 2019, mgbakọ nke ihu fuselage nke Danish F-35A mbụ (nọmba ndebanye aha RDAF L-001) malitere na ụlọ ọrụ Lockheed Martin na Fort Worth. A na-atụ anya na ụgbọ elu a ga-agwụ n'afọ a tupu e nyefee ya na RDAF maka Luke AFB na Arizona n'afọ ọzọ. A ga-azụ ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ elu Danish site na 308th Fighter Squadron "Emerald Knights" nke 56th Fighter Wing nke US Air Force. Dị ka atụmatụ si dị, nnyefe nke ụgbọ elu F-35A ga-adịru ruo 2026. A ga-enweta Njikere Njikere izizi (IOC) na 2025 yana Njikere Ọrụ zuru oke (FOC) na 2027.
Ụlọ ọrụ Danish Terma na-emepụta ihe nhazi na akụrụngwa maka mgbanwe atọ nke F-35 ruo ọtụtụ afọ, gụnyere. n'okpuru pylons ngwa agha ikuku na ala, GAU-22/A cannon ventral container for F-35B na F-35C versions, composite lead inside of the kehoraizin ọdụ, composite panels kpuchie n'etiti akụkụ nke fuselage na kehoraizin na vetikal ọdụ, Usoro ịdọ aka ná ntị ngwa ngwa / APG-81 na AN/AAQ-37 (Electro-Optical Distributed Aperture System, EO DAS). Ụlọ ọrụ Multicut na-emepụta brackets duralumin na njide maka ntinye na ntinye maka ikuku ikuku na engine F135. Ụlọ nyocha Danish Avionics (ATCD; njikọ aka n'etiti Termy na Scandinavian Avionics) ga-edobe, rụkwaa ma kwalite akụkụ avionics nke Danish F-35A.
Netherlands
Na ntụgharị nke narị afọ nke 16 na 16, n'oge mmejuputa mmemme ahụ iji kwalite ndị agha F-35A / B na ọkọlọtọ F-5AM / BM, ndị Dutch malitere ịtụle ohere nke inweta ndị ga-anọchi ha. A na-ewere ụgbọ elu F-2002 dị ka ihe na-ekwe nkwa, ya mere na June 15, 2006, Netherlands sonyeere usoro SDD nke mmemme JSF, na November 30, 2008, ha bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta isonye na mpaghara PSFD. Na 2 May 2009, nzuko omeiwu Dutch kwetara inye ego ntinye aka nke Royal Air Force (Koninklijke Luchtmacht, KLu; Royal Netherlands Air Force, RNLAF) na Nnwale mbụ (IOT&E). Maka mkpa ha, na June 35, 01, a zụtara F-001A mbụ (AN-19; RNLAF F-2010), na Nọvemba 02, 002, nke abụọ (AN-3 / F-4). Emepụtara ụgbọ elu ahụ dị ka akụkụ nke usoro LRIP (Low-Rate Initial Production) usoro 1 na 2012. E wepụtara akwụkwọ mbụ n'April 2, 2013, nke abụọ na March 6, 2012. A nwalere ha na August 27, 2013 na RNLAF zụtara June 25, 12 na July 2013 na Septemba 35, XNUMX wee bụrụ F-XNUMXA mbụ e nyere onye ọrụ mba ọzọ.
