kemịkalụ hourglass
Mmeghachi omume elekere bụ mgbanwe nke mmetụta ya (dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbanwe agba) anaghị apụta ozugbo, mana ọ bụ naanị mgbe oge ụfọdụ gachara agwakọta reagents. Enwekwara mmeghachi omume na-enye gị ohere ịhụ nsonaazụ ọtụtụ ugboro. Site na ntụnyere ya na "elekere kemịkalụ" enwere ike ịkpọ ha "chemical hourglass". Reagents maka otu n'ime nnwale adịghị ike ịchọta.
Maka ule anyị ga-eji magnesium oxide, MgO, 3-4% hydrochloric acid, HCl.aq (acid concentrated, diluted na mmiri 1:9) ma ọ bụ nri mmanya (6-10% ngwọta nke acetic acid CH)3COOH). Ọ bụrụ na anyị enweghị magnesium oxide, ọgwụ iji lụso acidity na nrekasị obi dochie ya nke ọma - otu n'ime ihe mejupụtara ya bụ magnesium hydroxide (MgO na-atụgharị n'ime ogige a n'okpuru ọnọdụ mmeghachi omume).
Na-ahụ maka mgbanwe agba n'oge mmeghachi omume bromthymol acha anụnụ anụnụ - egosi na-atụgharị edo edo na ngwọta acidic na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ acha anụnụ anụnụ.
Maka iko 100 cm3 wụsa 1-2 teaspoons nke magnesium oxide (foto 1) ma ọ bụ wụsa ihe dịka 10 cm3 nkwadebe nwere magnesium hydroxide. Mgbe ahụ tinye 20-30 cm.3 mmiri (foto 2) ma gbakwunye ntakịrị ntakịrị ihe ngosi (foto 3). Gwakọta ọdịnaya nke iko na-acha anụnụ anụnụ (foto 4) wee wụsa cm ole na ole3 ngwọta acid (foto 5). Ngwakọta dị na iko ahụ na-atụgharị edo edo (foto 6), ma mgbe obere oge gasịrị, ọ na-atụgharị na-acha anụnụ anụnụ ọzọ (foto 7). Na-agbakwụnye akụkụ ọzọ nke ngwọta acid, anyị na-ahụkwa mgbanwe agba ọzọ (foto nke 8 na 9). Enwere ike ịmegharị okirikiri ahụ ọtụtụ ugboro.
Mmeghachi omume ndị a mere na beaker:
1. Magnesium oxide na-eji mmiri emeghachi omume iji mepụta hydroxide nke ọla a:
MgO + N2O → mg(OH)2
Ngwakọta a na-esi na ya pụta na-esighi ike na mmiri (ihe dịka 0,01 g kwa 1 dm3), ma ọ bụ ntọala siri ike na ntinye nke ion hydroxide zuru ezu iji agba ihe ngosi.
2. Mmeghachi omume nke magnesium hydroxide na mgbakwunye nke hydrochloric acid:
mg(OH)2 + 2HCl → mgCl2 + 2 awa2O
na-eduga na neutralization niile Mg (OH) etisasịwo na mmiri2. Oke HClaq na-agbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi na acidic, nke anyị nwere ike ịhụ site n'ịgbanwe agba nke ihe ngosi na-acha odo odo.
3. Akụkụ ọzọ nke magnesium oxide na-emeghachi omume na mmiri (nhata 1.na-ewepu oke acid (nhata 2.). Ihe ngwọta na-aghọ alkaline ọzọ na egosi na-atụgharị acha anụnụ anụnụ. A na-emegharị okirikiri ahụ ugboro ugboro.
Mgbanwe ahụmịhe bụ ịgbanwe ihe ngosi ejiri, nke na-eduga na mmetụta agba dị iche iche. Na mgbalị nke abụọ, kama bromthymol acha anụnụ anụnụ, anyị ga-eji phenolphthalein (enweghị agba na ngwọta acid, raspberry na ngwọta alkaline). Anyị na-akwadebe nkwusioru nke magnesium oxide na mmiri (nke a na-akpọ mmiri ara ehi nke magnesia), dị ka ọ dị na nnwale gara aga. Tinye ntakịrị ihe ngwọta nke phenolphthalein (foto 10) ma kpalie ọdịnaya nke iko. Mgbe ịgbakwunye ole na ole3 hydrochloric acid (foto 11) ngwakọta na-aghọ enweghị agba (foto 12). Site n'ịkpali ọdịnaya ahụ mgbe niile, mmadụ nwere ike ịhụ ọzọ: mgbanwe na agba na pink, na mgbe ịgbakwunye otu akụkụ nke acid, nchọpụta nke ọdịnaya nke arịa (foto nke 13).
Mmeghachi omume na-aga n'ihu n'otu ụzọ ahụ dị na mgbalị mbụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, iji ihe ngosi dị iche iche na-arụpụta mmetụta dị iche iche nke agba. Enwere ike iji ihe ngosi pH ọ bụla mee ihe na nnwale ahụ.
Chemical Hourglass Nkebi I:
Chemical Hourglass Part I
Igwe elekere Chemical Part II:
Igwe elekere Chemical Part XNUMX
