Nyochaa akụkọ ihe mere eme taya ụgbọ ala nke atọ: Chemists na ngagharị

Taya bụ ngwaahịa teknụzụ dị elu, nsonaazụ nke ọtụtụ iri afọ nke evolushọn.

Ná mmalite, ọ bụghị ndị na-emepụta rọba ma ọ bụ ndị na-emepụta kemịkalụ amaghị kpọmkwem ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ na usoro molekụla nke ihe ndị ha na-eji arụ ọrụ, taya ndị ahụ adịkwaghị mma. Isi nsogbu ha bụ abrasion dị mfe na iyi, nke pụtara ndụ ọrụ dị mkpụmkpụ. N'oge na-adịghị anya tupu ntiwapụ nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ, ndị na-ahụ maka ọgwụ chemist chọpụtara na ịgbakwụnye oji carbon dị ka ihe na-arụ ọrụ na-abawanye ike, nkwụ na nkwụsị nke abrasion. Sulfur, carbon black, zinc, yana ihe a na-akpọ silicon dioxide ma ọ bụ quartz a ma ama (silicon dioxide), nke ejirila mee ihe n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, na-ekere òkè dị ukwuu n'ịgbanwe usoro kemịkal nke rọba na imeziwanye ya. Njirimara, na ojiji ha maka ebumnuche a na-alaghachi n'oge dị iche iche nke mmepe teknụzụ taya. Mana, dị ka anyị kwuru, na mmalite, usoro ihe omimi nke taya ahụ bụ ihe omimi zuru oke.

Otú ọ dị, n'ezie, laa azụ na 1829, Michael Faraday ji usoro mmiri ọgwụ C5H8, ma ọ bụ n'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, isoprene kọwara ngọngọ ụlọ nke rọba. Na 1860, onye kemist Williams nwetara mmiri mmiri nke otu usoro ahụ. N'afọ 1882, e bu ụzọ mee isoprene sịntetik, na 1911, ndị ọkà mmụta ọgwụ Francis Matthews na Carl Harris chọpụtara n'onwe ha na isoprene nwere ike ịbụ polymerized, bụ usoro n'azụ imepụta roba roba nke ọma. N'ezie, ihe ịga nke ọma nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-abịa mgbe ha jụrụ iṅomi kpam kpam usoro kemịkal nke rọba eke.

Oildị Mmanụ na IG Farben

Laa azụ na 1906, ndị ọkachamara sitere na ụlọ ọrụ German nke Bayer malitere usoro dị ike maka ịmepụta roba roba. N'oge Agha Worldwa Mbụ, n'ihi ụkọ nke akụrụngwa sitere n'okike, imepụta taya dabere na nke a na-akpọ methyl roba, nke Bayer mepụtara. Agbanyeghị, mgbe Agha Worldwa Mbụ gasịrị, a kwụsịrị ya n'ihi ọnụahịa ikpeazụ ya dị elu yana ngwaahịa okike dị ọnụ ala karịa dị. Kaosinadị, n’afọ ndị 20, ụkọ nke roba ọzọ bilitere ọzọ, nke dugara na mmalite nke nyocha kpụ ọkụ n’ọnụ na USSR, USA na Germany.

Laa azụ n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 1907, Fritz Hoffmann na Dr. Karl Kutel, na-eji coal tar, mepụtara nkà na ụzụ iji nweta ngwaahịa mmalite nke isoprene, methyl isoprene na gaseous butadiene, na nzọụkwụ ọzọ na mmepe nke ọrụ bụ polymerization nke ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a. Mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị, ndị nchọpụta na nnukwu IG Farben, nke gụnyere Bayer ugbu a, lekwasịrị anya na polymerization nke butadiene monomer ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịmepụta roba sịntetị a na-akpọ Buna, dị mkpirikpi maka butadiene na sodium. N'afọ 1929, nchegbu ahụ amalitelarị imepụta taya site na ihe a na-akpọ Buna S, bụ nke agbakwunyere soot. Du Pont, n'aka nke ya, synthesized neoprene, nke a na-akpọ duprene. Na 30s, Standard Oil chemists si New Jersey, Exxon bu ya ụzọ, nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịmepụta usoro maka njikọ nke butadiene iji mmanụ dị ka isi ngwaahịa. Ihe mgbagwoju anya na nke a bụ na nkwado American Standard na German IG Farben na-enye ụlọ ọrụ America ohere ịmepụta usoro mmepụta roba sịntetik yiri Buna S wee ghọọ isi ihe na nkwekọrịta kwuru iji dozie nsogbu rọba. USA n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. N'ozuzu, Otú ọ dị, anọ isi ụlọ ọrụ na-achịkwa nnyocha na mmepe nke multifunctional taya nnọchi na mba: Firestone Tire & Rubber Company, BF Goodrich Company, Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, United States Rubber Company (Uniroyal). Mgbalị ha jikọrọ ọnụ n'oge agha dị mkpa iji mepụta ngwaahịa sịntetik dị mma. Na 1941, ha na Standard bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ịgbanwe patent na ozi n'okpuru ikike nke Rubber Reserve Company, nke Roosevelt tọrọ ntọala, wee ghọọ ihe atụ nke otú nnukwu azụmahịa na steeti nwere ike ịdị n'otu n'aha agha. N'ihi nnukwu ọrụ na ego ọha na eze, e wuru osisi 51 maka mmepụta nke monomers na polymers nke ha na-emepụta, bụ ndị dị mkpa maka ịmepụta taya sịntetik, n'ime obere oge. Teknụzụ a na-eji maka ebumnuche a dabere na usoro nrụpụta Buna S n'ihi na ọ nwere ike ịgwakọta rọba eke na sịntetik kacha mma ma jiri igwe nhazi dịnụ.

Na Soviet Union, n'oge agha ahụ, ugbo 165 na-akọkọ ụdị dandelions abụọ, na agbanyeghị na mmepụta adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma ma mkpụrụ na mpaghara ọ bụla pere mpe, rọba mepụtara nyere aka na mmeri ahụ. Taa, a na-ewere dandelion a dị ka otu n'ime ụzọ ndị ọzọ nwere ike isi nweta hevea. A na-agbakwunye ngwaahịa a na butadiene sịntetik ma ọ bụ nke a na-akpọ soprene, nke Sergei Lebedev kere, nke a na-eji mmanya sitere na poteto eme ihe dị ka akụrụngwa.

(ịgbaso)

Ederede: Georgy Kolev