Liesegang yiri mgbaaka? ihe okike na-adọrọ adọrọ
"Obodo Ekwensu"
Biko lee anya n'ọtụtụ foto na-egosi ihe ndị dị ndụ na ihe atụ nke ọdịdị na-adịghị ndụ: ogige nke nje bacteria na agar media, ebu na-eto eto na mkpụrụ osisi, fungi na ahịhịa obodo na mineral - agate, malachite, sandstone. Kedu ihe jikọrọ ihe niile? Nke a bụ nhazi ha, nke nwere (karịa ma ọ bụ obere akọwapụtara nke ọma) okirikiri concentric. Chemists ga-akpọ ha Liesegang yiri mgbaaka.
Aha nke ihe owuwu ndị a sitere na aha onye nchoputa? Raphael Eduard Liesegang, n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụghị ya bụ onye mbụ kọwara ha. Emere nke a na 1855 site n'aka Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge, bụ onye tinyere aka, karịsịa, na-eme mmeghachi omume kemịkal na akwụkwọ nzacha. Onye German chemist kere ya? Onyonyo tolitere onwe ya? () nwere ike na-ewere na mbụ Liesegang yiri mgbaaka nwetara, na usoro nke nkwadebe bụ akwụkwọ chromatography. Otú ọ dị, a chọpụtaghị ihe a chọpụtara n'ụwa sayensị? Runge mere nke a ọkara narị afọ tupu oge eruo (onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ Russia bụ Mikhail Semyonovich Tsvet, onye rụrụ ọrụ na Warsaw na mmalite narị afọ nke XNUMX, bụ onye a ma ama nke mepụtara chromatography). Ọfọn, nke a abụghị nke mbụ dị otú ahụ ikpe na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke sayensị; E kwuwerị, ọbụna nchoputa aghaghị 'bịa n'oge.
Raphael Edouard Liesegang (1869-1947)? German chemist na onye ọchụnta ego na ụlọ ọrụ foto. Dị ka ọkà mmụta sayensị, ọ mụtara kemịkalụ nke colloid na foto ihe. Ọ bụ onye ama ama maka nchọpụta ihe owuwu a maara dị ka mgbanaka Liesegang.
Ọ bụ R.E. Liesegang nwetara aha onye nchoputa ahụ, onye nyere aka site na ndakọrịta nke ọnọdụ (ọ bụghịkwa oge mbụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke sayensị?). N'afọ 1896, ọ tụbara kristal nke nitrate ọlaọcha AgNO.3 N'elu efere iko nke ejiri ngwọta nke potassium dichromate (VI) K2Cr2O7 na gelatin (Liesegang nwere mmasị na foto, a ka na-eji dichromates eme ihe na usoro a na-akpọ ọmarịcha usoro foto oge ochie, dị ka roba na usoro bromine). okirikiri mgbanaka nke agba aja aja nke ọla ọcha (VI) Ag chromate kpụrụ gburugburu kristal lapis lazuli.2Akara4 nwere mmasị na German chemist. Ọkà mmụta sayensị malitere usoro ọmụmụ ihe a na-ahụ anya na ya mere a na-akpọ aha mgbanaka ahụ aha ya.
Mmeghachi omume Liesegang hụrụ kwekọrọ na nhata (edere ya n'ụdị ionic mbiri nkenke):
N'ime ngwọta dichromate (ma ọ bụ chromate), a na-eguzobe nha nha n'etiti anions
, dabere na mmeghachi omume nke gburugburu ebe obibi. Ebe ọ bụ na ọlaọcha (VI) chromate bụ obere soluble karịa dichromate nke metal a, ọ na-ebuli elu.
O mere mgbalị mbụ iji kọwaa ihe a hụrụ. Wilhelm Friedrich Ostwald (1853-1932), onye meriri na 1909 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Onye German na-ahụ maka ọgwụ anụ ahụ kwuru na mmiri ozuzo na-achọ nnukwu saturation nke ihe ngwọta maka imepụta oghere crystallization. N'aka nke ọzọ, e guzobere mgbanaka na-ejikọta ya na ihe dị iche iche nke mgbasa ozi ion na-egbochi mmegharị ha (gelatin). Ngwakọta kemịkalụ sitere na oyi akwa aqueous na-abanye n'ime oyi akwa gelatin. A na-eji ion ndị na-emeghachi omume nke "ọnyà" na-eme ka mkpọda. na gelatin, nke na-eduga ná mbibi nke ebe ozugbo n'akụkụ na precipitate (ions na-agbasa kwupụta mbelata na ịta).
Liesegang yiri mgbanaka na vitro
N'ihi na-agaghị ekwe omume nke ngwa ngwa equalizing ịta site convection (ịgwakọta ngwọta), ke reagent si aqueous oyi akwa nkukota na mpaghara ọzọ na a zuru ezu elu ịta nke ion ẹdude ke gelatin, nanị na ụfọdụ anya site ugbua kpụrụ oyi akwa? ihe na-emeghachi onwe ya kwa oge. N'ihi ya, a na-etolite mgbanaka Liesegang n'ihi mmeghachi omume mmiri ozuzo nke emere n'okpuru ọnọdụ nke ngwakọta siri ike nke reagents. Ị nwere ike ịkọwa usoro nhazi nke ụfọdụ mineral n'otu ụzọ ahụ? Mgbasa ion na-apụta na nnukwu gburugburu magma gbazere.
Ụwa obibi mgbanaka bụkwa n'ihi oke ego. Gburugburu Ekwensu? mejupụtara mushrooms (site n'oge immemorial weere a Chọpụta nke omume nke "ọjọọ mmụọ"), ọ na-ebilite n'ụzọ dị mfe. Mycelium na-etolite n'akụkụ niile (n'okpuru ala, ọ bụ naanị mkpụrụ osisi ka a na-ahụ n'elu). Mgbe oge ụfọdụ gachara, ala a na-agbaji n'etiti? mycelium na-anwụ, na-anọgide naanị na mpụta, na-akpụ usoro yiri mgbanaka. Ojiji nke ihe oriri na mpaghara ụfọdụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi nwekwara ike ịkọwa usoro mgbanaka nke ógbè nke nje bacteria na ebu.
Nnwale na Liesegang yiri mgbaaka enwere ike ịme ha n'ụlọ (isiokwu na-akọwa ihe atụ nke nnwale; na mgbakwunye, na mbipụta 8/2006 nke Młodego Technika, Stefan Senkowski gosipụtara nnwale mbụ nke Liesegang). Otú ọ dị, ndị na-eme nnwale kwesịrị ịṅa ntị n'ọtụtụ isi. Theoretically, Liesegang yiri mgbaaka nwere ike na-etolite ọ bụla ọdịda mmeghachi omume (ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-adịghị kọwara na akwụkwọ, otú anyị nwere ike na-achọpụta!), Ma ọ bụghị ha niile na-eduga na chọrọ mmetụta na ọ fọrọ nke nta niile kwere omume Nchikota reagents na gelatin na aqueous. ngwọta (onye edemede na-atụ aro, ahụmahụ ahụ ga-aga nke ọma).
Ebu na mkpụrụ osisi
Cheta na gelatin bụ protein na ụfọdụ reagents na-agbajikwa (mgbe ahụ, oyi akwa gel agaghị etolite). Ekwesịrị ịnweta mgbanaka akọwapụtara nke ọma site na iji tubes ule nwere dayameta kacha nta enwere ike (a nwekwara ike iji tubes iko mechiri emechi). Ndidi bụ isi, Otú ọ dị, dị ka ụfọdụ nnwale na-ewe ogologo oge (ma ọ bara uru na-echere; kwesịrị ekwesị kpụrụ yiri mgbanaka dị mfe? Mara mma!).
Ọ bụ ezie na ihe ngosi nke imepụta ihe Liesegang yiri mgbaaka nwere ike yie anyị naanị ọchịchọ ịmata kemịkalụ (ha anaghị ekwu ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ), ọ na-agbasa nke ukwuu na okike. Ihe omume ahụ a kpọtụrụ aha n'isiokwu ahụ ọ̀ bụ ihe atụ nke ihe omume sara mbara karị? mmeghachi omume oscillatory kemịkalụ n'oge nke mgbanwe oge na ntinye nke mkpụrụ na-eme. Liesegang yiri mgbaaka ha bụ ihe si na ịma jijiji ndị a na mbara igwe pụta. Ihe na-atọkwa ụtọ bụ mmeghachi omume na-egosi mgbanwe mgbanwe na mkpokọta n'oge usoro ahụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbanwe oge oge na mkpokọta nke reagents glycolytic yikarịrị ka ọ na-adabere na elekere usoro ndụ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ.
Lelee ahụmịhe ahụ:
Chemistry na webụ
?Abys? Ịntanetị nwere ọtụtụ saịtị nwere ike ịmasị onye kemist. Otú ọ dị, nsogbu na-eto eto bụ njupụta nke data e bipụtara, mgbe ụfọdụ na-enwekwa àgwà a na-enyo enyo. Mba? ga-ehota ebe a amamiihe amụma nke Stanislaw Lem, onye ihe karịrị 40 afọ gara aga n'akwụkwọ ya ?? kwusara na mgbasawanye nke akụrụngwa ozi n'otu oge na-egbochi nnweta ha.
Ya mere, na nkuku kemịkalụ enwere ngalaba nke a ga-ebipụta adreesị na nkọwa nke saịtị "chemical" kachasị mma. N'ihe gbasara akụkọ taa? adreesị na-eduga na saịtị na-akọwa mgbanaka Liesegang.
Ọrụ izizi nke FF Runge n'ụdị dijitalụ (faịlụ PDF n'onwe ya dị maka nbudata na adreesị dị mkpụmkpụ: http://tinyurl.com/38of2mv):
http://edocs.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/volltexte/2007/3756/.
Weebụsaịtị nwere adreesị http://www.insilico.hu/liesegang/index.html bụ ezigbo nchịkọta ihe ọmụma gbasara mgbanaka Liesegang? akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nchọpụta, echiche nke agụmakwụkwọ na ọtụtụ foto.
Na n'ikpeazụ, ihe pụrụ iche? ihe nkiri na-egosi nguzobe nke mgbanaka sedimentary Ag2Akara4, ọrụ nke nwa akwụkwọ Polish, onye ọgbọ nke ndị na-agụ MT. N'ezie, ezigara m ya na YouTube:
Ọ dịkwa mma iji igwe nchọta (karịsịa nke eserese) site na itinye mkpụrụokwu dabara adaba n'ime ya: "Mgbanaka nke Liesegang", "Stripes of Liesegang" ma ọ bụ naanị "Mgbanaka nke Liesegang".
N'ime ngwọta dichromate (ma ọ bụ chromate), a na-eguzobe nha nha n'etiti anions
na, dabere na mmeghachi omume nke gburugburu ebe obibi. Ebe ọ bụ na ọlaọcha (VI) chromate bụ obere soluble karịa dichromate nke metal a, ọ na-ebuli elu.
Wilhelm Friedrich Ostwald (1853-1932), onye nwetara Nrite Nobel na Chemistry na 1909 mere mgbalị mbụ iji kọwaa ihe omume ahụ a hụrụ. Onye German na-ahụ maka ọgwụ anụ ahụ kwuru na mmiri ozuzo na-achọ nnukwu saturation nke ihe ngwọta maka imepụta oghere crystallization. N'aka nke ọzọ, e guzobere mgbanaka na-ejikọta ya na ihe dị iche iche nke mgbasa ozi ion na-egbochi mmegharị ha (gelatin). Ngwakọta kemịkalụ sitere na oyi akwa aqueous na-abanye n'ime oyi akwa gelatin. A na-eji ion ndị na-emeghachi omume nke "ọnyà" na-eme ka mkpọda. na gelatin, nke na-eduga ná mbibi nke ebe ozugbo n'akụkụ na precipitate (ions na-agbasa kwupụta mbelata na ịta). N'ihi na-agaghị ekwe omume nke ngwa ngwa equalizing ịta site convection (ịgwakọta ngwọta), ke reagent si aqueous oyi akwa nkukota ọzọ na mpaghara na a zuru ezu elu ịta nke ion ẹdude ke gelatin, naanị n'ebe dị anya site na-ama kpụrụ oyi akwa? ihe na-emeghachi onwe ya kwa oge. Ya mere, a na-emepụta mgbanaka Liesegang n'ihi mmeghachi omume mmiri ozuzo na-eme n'okpuru ọnọdụ nke ngwakọta siri ike nke reagents. Ị nwere ike ịkọwa usoro nhazi nke ụfọdụ mineral n'otu ụzọ ahụ? Mgbasa ion na-apụta na nnukwu gburugburu magma gbazere.
Ụwa obibi mgbanaka bụkwa n'ihi oke ego. Gburugburu Ekwensu? mejupụtara mushrooms (site n'oge immemorial weere a Chọpụta nke omume nke "ọjọọ mmụọ"), ọ na-ebilite n'ụzọ dị mfe. Mycelium na-etolite n'akụkụ niile (n'okpuru ala, ọ bụ naanị mkpụrụ osisi ka a na-ahụ n'elu). Mgbe oge ụfọdụ gachara, ala a na-agbaji n'etiti? mycelium na-anwụ, na-anọgide naanị na mpụta, na-akpụ usoro yiri mgbanaka. Ojiji nke ihe oriri na mpaghara ụfọdụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi nwekwara ike ịkọwa usoro mgbanaka nke ógbè nke nje bacteria na ebu.
Enwere ike ịme nnwale na mgbanaka Liesegang n'ụlọ (a na-akọwa ihe atụ nke nnwale n'isiokwu ahụ; na mgbakwunye, na mbipụta 8/2006 nke Młodego Technika, Stefan Senkowski gosipụtara nnwale Liesegang mbụ). Otú ọ dị, ndị na-eme nnwale kwesịrị ịṅa ntị n'ọtụtụ isi. Theoretically, Liesegang yiri mgbaaka nwere ike na-etolite ọ bụla ọdịda mmeghachi omume (ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-adịghị kọwara na akwụkwọ, otú anyị nwere ike na-achọpụta!), Ma ọ bụghị ha niile na-eduga na chọrọ mmetụta na ọ fọrọ nke nta niile kwere omume Nchikota reagents na gelatin na aqueous. ngwọta (onye edemede na-atụ aro, ahụmahụ ahụ ga-aga nke ọma). Cheta na gelatin bụ protein na ụfọdụ reagents na-agbajikwa (mgbe ahụ, oyi akwa gel agaghị etolite). Ekwesịrị ịnweta mgbanaka akọwapụtara nke ọma site na iji tubes ule nwere dayameta kacha nta enwere ike (a nwekwara ike iji tubes iko mechiri emechi). Ndidi bụ isi, Otú ọ dị, dị ka ụfọdụ nnwale na-ewe ogologo oge (ma ọ bara uru na-echere; kwesịrị ekwesị kpụrụ yiri mgbanaka dị mfe? Mara mma!).
N'agbanyeghị na onu nke Liesegang mgbanaka guzobe nwere ike iyi ka ọ bụ naanị a chemical ọchịchọ ịmata (ọ na-akpọghị n'ụlọ akwụkwọ), ọ bụ nnọọ ebe nile na ọdịdị. Ihe omume ahụ a kpọtụrụ aha n'isiokwu ahụ ọ̀ bụ ihe atụ nke ihe omume sara mbara karị? mmeghachi omume oscillatory kemịkalụ n'oge nke mgbanwe oge na ntinye nke mkpụrụ na-eme. Mgbanaka Liesegang bụ nsonaazụ nke ịma jijiji ndị a na mbara. Ihe na-atọkwa ụtọ bụ mmeghachi omume na-egosi mgbanwe mgbanwe na mkpokọta n'oge usoro ahụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbanwe oge oge na mkpokọta nke reagents glycolytic yikarịrị ka ọ na-adabere na elekere usoro ndụ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ.
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