Skis, bọọdụ na teknụzụ ski

Dị ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị China si kwuo, gburugburu 8000 BC. Enwere ntụaka maka ski nke mbụ na ugwu Altai. Agbanyeghị, ndị nchọpụta ndị ọzọ ekwenyeghị na mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwanyị a. Otú ọ dị, anyị nwere ike ịsị na ọ bụ mgbe ahụ ka akụkọ ihe mere eme nke skiing alpine na ngwá ọrụ ski malitere.

3000 pen Eserese kacha ochie pụtara na eserese nkume emere na Rødøy, Norway.

1500 pen Ndị skis Europe kacha mara amara sitere na oge a. A chọtara ha na mpaghara Ångermanland nke Sweden. Ha dị 111 cm ogologo na 9,5 ruo 10,4 cm n'obosara. Na njedebe ha dị ihe dị ka 1 cm n'obosara, na na njedebe, n'okpuru ụkwụ, ihe dị ka 2 cm n'akụkụ ebe etiti e nwere oghere iji gbochie ụkwụ ka ọ ghara ịdaba n'akụkụ. Ndị a abụghị skis alpine, kama ọ bụ nnukwu ụkwụ ka ha ghara imikpu n'ime snow.

400 pen Aha mbụ edere banyere ski. Onye dere ya bụ onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Gris, onye edemede na onye ndu agha Xenophon. Emepụtara ya mgbe o si njem njem na Scandinavia lọta.

1713 Aha mbụ banyere skier na-eji okporo osisi abụọ.

1733 Mbipụta mbụ gbasara ski. Onye dere ya bụ onye agha Norwegian bụ Jen Henrik Emakhusen. Edere akwụkwọ a n'asụsụ German ma nwee ọtụtụ ozi gbasara nhazi ski na usoro ski.

1868 Onye ọrụ ugbo Norwegian na onye ọkwá nkà Sondre Norheim si n'ógbè Telemark, bụ onye nyere aka na mmepe nke ski, na-agbanwe nkà na ụzụ ski - ọ na-emepụta echiche ski ọhụrụ. Ha nwere ogologo site na 2 ruo 2,5 m na obosara dị iche iche: 89 mm n'elu, 70 mm n'úkwù, 76 mm na ikiri ụkwụ. Ihe atụ nke geometry ski ga-eduzi imepụta akụrụngwa maka afọ 120 na-esote. Norheim ewepụtala usoro ịgbanye ski ọhụrụ. Na eriri ndị ama ama nke na-agbatị ụkwụ na mpaghara mkpịsị ụkwụ, ọ na-ejikọta eriri nke sitere na mgbọrọgwụ birch gbagọrọ agbagọ, na-ekpuchi ebe ikiri ụkwụ. N'ihi ya, e kere ihe atụ nke ihe nkedo telemark, na-enye mmegharị nke ikiri ụkwụ n'efu na elu na ala ụgbọ elu, ma n'otu oge ahụ na-echebe megide ịdaba na mberede na ski mgbe ị na-agbanwe ntụziaka ma ọ bụ na-awụli elu.

1886 E hiwere ụlọ ọrụ ski mbụ na Norway. Site na mmepe ya, agbụrụ teknụzụ malitere. Na mbụ, a na-eji osisi pine eme skis, dị mfe karịa ukpa ma ọ bụ uyi.

1888 Onye na-enyocha oké osimiri Norwegian na onye nyocha pola Fridtjof Nansen (1861-1930) na-aga njem ski na-abanye na Greenland. Na 1891, e bipụtara nkọwa nke njem ya - akwụkwọ "Skiing na Greenland." Akwụkwọ ahụ nyere aka nke ukwuu n'ịgbasa ịgbasa ski alpine n'ụwa. Nansen na akụkọ ya ghọrọ ihe mkpali nye ndị ọzọ dị mkpa na akụkọ ihe mere eme ski, dị ka Matthias Zdarsky.

1893 Emere skis multi-layer nke mbụ. Ndị na-emepụta ha bụ ndị na-emepụta ihe sitere na ụlọ ọrụ Norwegian HM Christiansen. Dị ka ntọala, ha na-eji ọkọlọtọ siri ike akụrụngwa, ya bụ, ukpa ma ọ bụ ash, nke jikọtara ya na ìhè ma na-agbanwe spruce. N'agbanyeghị na ọ rụpụtara ihe ọhụrụ, echiche ahụ kwụsịrị. Ebibiri echiche ahụ dum site na enweghị gluu kwesịrị ekwesị nke ga-enye njikọ siri ike nke ihe ndị dị na ya, elasticity na waterproofness n'otu oge ahụ.

1894 Fritz Huitfeldt na-eme agba ígwè iji jide ihu akpụkpọ ụkwụ ski n'ebe. Ndị a mechara mara dị ka Huitfeldt bindings ma bụrụkwa ụzọ kachasị ewu ewu iji tinye ụkwụ ihu na skis ruo ngwụsị 30s. Akụkụ ihu nke njide ahụ nwere otu ibe, na-adịgide adịgide na ski, na "nku" abụọ gbagoro n'elu, site na nke a na-ejikọta eriri, na-ejikọta akụkụ ihu nke buut ahụ ọnụ. Eji eriri jikọtara ikiri ụkwụ ahụ site na ntuziaka n'akụkụ ski. A na-akpọ ngwaahịa a Kandahar Cable Binding.

njedebe nke narị afọ nke XNUMX Matthias Zdarsky, onye Czech nke bi na Ọstrịa na-ewere dị ka nna nke ịgba ski nke oge a, na-emepụta ihe nkedo ígwè iji melite usoro ịgba ọsọ alpine. E ji ígwè e ji ígwè rụọ ha n’ihu n’ihu ebe a na-agba ski. A na-ejikọta akpụkpọ ụkwụ ski na efere ahụ na eriri, na mmegharị elu nke efere ahụ na akpụkpọ ụkwụ na-ejedebe site na omume nke mmiri dị n'ihu ugwu ahụ, na-eme ihe na efere a na-ebugharị na akụkụ ihu. Zdarsky rụrụ ọrụ na usoro ịgba ọsọ alpine ma mee ka ogologo ski dị na ọnọdụ alpine. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ malitekwara iji okporo osisi abụọ kama otu ogologo. N'ime oge a, a mụrụ ọtụtụ ski, nke gụnyere mkpa ịmepụta ọtụtụ skis, na-eji teknụzụ ndị dị elu na-emewanyewanye.

1928 Onye Ọstrịa Rudolf Laettner si Salzburg bụ onye mbụ ji akụkụ ọla. Igwe ski nke oge a, n'ihi ihe owuwu osisi ha, na-emebi ngwa ngwa site na mmebi nke ihe eji arụ ọrụ na slide na akụkụ akụkụ mgbe ha rutere na nkume na ibe ha. Laettner kpebiri imezi nke a site n'itinye eriri igwe dị mkpa na skis osisi. O nwetara ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya, skis ghọrọ ihe nchebe ka mma, ma isi uru nke ihe ọhụrụ ya bụ ụdị mmetụta ụfọdụ. Laettner kwuru na akụkụ ndị a na-agbanye nchara na-enye ahụmịhe ịnya ụgbọ ala ka mma, ọkachasị na mkpọda ugwu.

1928 Ndị na-emepụta ihe abụọ, n'adabereghị onwe ha, gosipụtara ụdị ski mbụ zuru oke nke ọma na-eji ihe owuwu multi-layer (mgbe emebeghị nke ọma nke Christiansen na njedebe nke narị afọ nke 19). Nke mbụ, Bjorn Ullevoldseter, rụrụ ọrụ na Norway. Nke abụọ, George Aaland, na Seattle, America. Igwe ski ahụ nwere akwa atọ. N'oge a, a na-eji adhesives na-eguzogide mmiri ma na-agbanwe agbanwe nke ọma, nke pụtara na n'ígwé nke onye ọ bụla kpụrụ otu nkeji nke na-adịghị adịkarị mfe delamination.

1929 A na-ewere ihe mbụ a na-emepụta nke yiri bọọdụ snow nke a maara taa dị ka mpempe plywood nke MJ "Jack" Burchett gbalịrị ịkwanye ala, na-eji eriri na reins chebe ụkwụ ya.

1934 Ọmụmụ nke mbụ niile-aluminom skis. N'afọ 1945, Chance Aircraft mepụtara ihe aluminom na osisi Sanwichi akpọrọ Metallite wee jiri ya rụọ ụgbọ elu. Ndị injinia atọ, Wayne Pearce, David Ritchie na Arthur Hunt, ji ihe eji eme skis aluminom na isi osisi.

1936 Mmalite mmepụta skis multi-layer na Austria. Kneissl mepụtara Kneissl Splitklein nke mbụ wee bụrụ onye ọsụ ụzọ nke teknụzụ ski ọgbara ọhụrụ.

1939 Onye bụbu onye egwuregwu Norwegian Hjalmar Hvam na-ewu ụdị njikọ ọhụrụ na United States, nke mbụ nwere ntọhapụ. Ọ dị ka nke ọgbara ọhụrụ. O nwere agbà ndị gbafere n'akụkụ ọbụbụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ ahụ na-apụta, gbabanyere n'ime mkpụpụ ya. Usoro dị n'ime ya na-ejide ihe mgbochi ahụ na etiti etiti ruo mgbe ike ndị na-eme ya na-ejikọta na axis nke ski na akpụkpọ ụkwụ na-agbanye n'elu ugwu ahụ.

1947 Onye injinia ụgbọ elu Amerịka Howard Head na-emepụta “Sanwichi igwe” nke mbụ, nke nwere aluminom na isi rọba dị fechaa n'ụdị mmanụ a honeyụ. Mgbe usoro nke ule na njehie gasịrị, e kere ski nwere plywood isi, nchara nchara na-aga n'ihu na ntọala phenolic a kpụrụ akpụ. Ejikọtara isi ya na akwa aluminom site na ịpị ọkụ. Ihe niile na-ejedebe na mgbidi n'akụkụ plastik. Usoro a nke ịme ski ga-achịkwa ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ.

1950 Ihe nkedo nke mbụ n'ihu na azụ nke buut, nke Cubco (USA) mere. Mgbe emezigharịrị, ha ghọrọ ihe nkedo mbụ nke ejiri bọtịnụ mechie, na-azọ ụkwụ na ikiri ụkwụ nke buut. Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, mbụ Fuse Marker (Duplex) mounts pụtara.

1955 Ihe mmịfe polyethylene mbụ pụtara. Ụlọ ọrụ Austria Kofler gosipụtara ya. Ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ Polyethylene dochie ndị e jibubu na 1952. skis mbụ ji fiberglass eme ihe bụ Bud Philips Ski Resins. Ọ ka ha n'ihe niile. Snow adịghị arapara na skis, na glide zuru ezu na ọnọdụ niile. Nke a wepụrụ mkpa mmanu mmanu. Otú ọ dị, ihe kachasị mkpa bụ ikike nke ngwa ngwa na ọnụ ala iji megharịa ntọala ahụ site n'imejupụta oghere ndị ahụ na polyethylene a wụrụ awụ.

1959 Nhazi mbụ zuru oke nke ọma site na iji eriri carbon abanyela n'ahịa. Emepụtara echiche ngwaahịa a site n'aka Fred Langedorff na Art Molnar na Montreal. Otú a ka oge e ji rụọ Sanwichi fiber carbon si malite.

1962 Single-axis Look Nevada II njigide na-eji ogologo nku n'ihu aka na-ejide elu nke ihu akpụkpọ ụkwụ. Nhazi ikike akwadoro ka bụ ntọala nke mgbachi n'ihu Looka maka afọ 40 na-esote.

1965 Sherman Poppen na-emepụta snorkelers, ihe ụmụaka ji egwuri egwu nke a na-ewere taa dị ka snowboard mbụ. Ndị a bụ skis nkịtị abụọ ejiri bolt jikọtara ọnụ. Otú ọ dị, onye edemede ahụ akwụsịghị n'ebe ahụ - iji mee ka ọ dịkwuo mfe ịchịkwa osisi ahụ, ọ gbapụrụ oghere n'ụta wee dọpụta eriri ụta site na ya na aka n'aka ya.

1952 Ejiri skis fiberglass mbụ, Bud Philips Ski, mere.

1968 Jake Burton, onye na-anụ ọkụ n'obi snorkeling, meziri ihe Poppen mepụtara site n'itinye eriri akpụkpọ ụkwụ na bọọdụ. Agbanyeghị, ọ bụ n'afọ 1977, ka ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na kọleji, ka ọ malitere imepụta bọọdụ ejikọtara ikike ya, Burton Boards. N'otu oge ahụ, n'adabereghị na Burton, Tom Sims, kpakpando skateboard, na-arụ ọrụ na snowboarding. N'ịchọ ịkwọ skate kwa afọ, Sims wepụrụ wiil skateboard ya maka oyi wee gawa n'ebe mkpọda. Nke nta nke nta, ọ kwalitere bọọdụ snow, gbanwee gaa na skate ogologo na nke a na-ejikwa, na 1978, ya na Chuck Barfoot, o mepere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Ugbu a, Sims Snowboards yana Burton Boards so na ndị kacha mkpa na-emepụta akụrụngwa snowboard.

1975 Ihe nrịbama na-ewebata usoro nkedo maka akụkụ ihu nke buut - M4, na akụkụ azụ - M44 (igbe).

1985 Akụkụ ọla na-apụta na bọọdụ snow Burton na Sims. Oge mmetụta nke ịhịa aka n'ahụ na-agwụ agwụ, na nkà na ụzụ mmepụta ihe na-aghọwanye ihe yiri ski. Mepụtakwara bọọdụ freestyle nke mbụ (Sims) na bọọdụ akpụ akpụ (Gnu), ebe ị na-atụgharị site na itinye nrụgide na nsọtụ kama ịsegharị.

1989 Volant na-ewebata ski ígwè mbụ.

1990 Na mmalite 90s, Kneissl na Elan mepụtara ụdị nke mmepụta skis nwere n'úkwù dị warara. Ha bụ nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ dabere na ọrụ ha na oge ndị na-esote na echiche a. SCX Elana na Ergo Kneissl webatara n'oge skis ịkpụ ihe dị omimi.