onyonyo onyonyo

Wilhelm Roentgen chọtara X-ray na 1896, na X-ray mbụ ya na 1900. Mgbe ahụ tube X-ray pụtara. Na ihe ọ dị ka taa. Ị ga-achọpụta n'isiokwu dị n'okpuru.

1806 Philippe Bozzini na-etolite endoscope na Mainz, na-ebipụta n'oge emume "Der Lichtleiter", akwụkwọ ọgụgụ na ọmụmụ nke recesses nke ahụ mmadụ. Onye mbụ jiri ngwaọrụ a rụọ ọrụ nke ọma bụ onye France bụ Antonin Jean Desormeaux. Tupu e mepụta ọkụ eletrik, a na-eji isi ọkụ dị n'èzí nyochaa eriri afo, akpanwa na eriri afọ, yana oghere imi.

1. X-ray mbụ - aka nwunye Roentgen

1896 Wilhelm Roentgen na-achọpụta ụzarị X na ike ha ịbanye n'ihe siri ike. Ndị ọkachamara mbụ nke o gosipụtara "roentgenograms" ya abụghị ndị dọkịta, ma ndị ọrụ Roentgen - ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị (1). Achọpụtara ikike ahụike nke ihe mepụtara a izu ole na ole ka e mesịrị mgbe e bipụtara x-ray nke shard iko na mkpịsị aka nwatakịrị dị afọ anọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụike. N'ime afọ ole na ole sochirinụ, ịzụ ahịa na mmepụta nke tubes X-ray na-agbasawanye teknụzụ ọhụrụ ahụ n'ụwa niile.

1900 X-ray obi mbụ. Ojiji a na-eji redio igbe obi eme ihe n’ebe nile mere ka o kwe omume ịchọpụta ụkwara nta n’oge mbụ, bụ́ otu n’ime ihe ndị kasị akpata ọnwụ n’oge ahụ.

1906-1912 Mgbalị mbụ iji ihe dị iche iche mee nyocha nke ọma nke akụkụ ahụ na arịa ọbara.

1913 Ezi X-ray tube a na-akpọ ọkụ cathode vacuum tube na-apụta, nke na-eji ebe eletrọn na-achịkwa nke ọma site na ihe na-eme ka ikuku ọkụ pụta. Ọ webatara oge ọhụrụ na omume redio ahụike na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Onye kere ya bụ onye America mepụtara William D. Coolidge (2), nke a maara nke ọma dị ka "nna nke tube X-ray." Tinyere grid na-akpụ akpụ nke onye ọkà mmụta redio Chicago bụ Hollis Potter mepụtara, oriọna Coolidge mere redio ka ọ bụrụ ngwá ọrụ bara uru maka ndị dọkịta n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ.

1916 Ọ bụghị x-ray nile dị mfe ịgụ—mgbe ụfọdụ anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ ihe na-ekpuchi ihe a na-enyocha. Ya mere, onye France na-ahụ maka ọrịa akpụkpọ ahụ Andre Bocage mepụtara usoro nke na-ebunye X-ray n'akụkụ dị iche iche, nke wepụrụ ihe isi ike ndị dị otú ahụ. Ya .

1919 Pneumoencephalography na-apụta, nke bụ usoro nyocha nke na-emetụta usoro nhụjuanya nke etiti. Ọ gụnyere iji ikuku, oxygen ma ọ bụ helium dochie akụkụ nke mmiri ụbụrụ cerebrospinal, nke ewepụtara site na nsị n'ime ọwa azụ azụ, na iwere X-ray nke isi. Gas dị iche na nke ọma na usoro ventricular nke ụbụrụ, nke mere ka o kwe omume inweta ihe oyiyi nke ventricles. A na-eji usoro ahụ eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'etiti narị afọ nke iri abụọ, ma ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na a gbahapụrụ kpamkpam na 80s, ebe ọ bụ na nyocha ahụ na-egbu mgbu maka onye ọrịa ma nwee nnukwu nsogbu nke nsogbu.

30s na 40s A na-amalite iji ike nke ebili mmiri ultrasonic mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na ọgwụgwọ anụ ahụ na nhazigharị. Russian Sergei Sokolov na-anwale iji ultrasound chọta ntụpọ ígwè. Na 1939, ọ na-eji ugboro nke 3 GHz, nke, Otú ọ dị, adịghị enye afọ ojuju image mkpebi. N'afọ 1940, Heinrich Gore na Thomas Wedekind nke Mahadum ahụike nke Cologne, Germany, gosipụtara n'akwụkwọ ha "Der Ultraschall in der Medizin" ohere nke nchọpụta ultrasound dabere na usoro echo-reflex yiri nke a na-eji achọpụta ntụpọ na ọla. .

Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ chere na usoro a ga-enye ohere ịchọpụta etuto ahụ, exudates, ma ọ bụ abscesses. Agbanyeghị, ha enweghị ike ibipụta nsonaazụ doro anya nke nnwale ha. A makwaara ya bụ nyocha ahụike nke ultrasound nke Austrian Karl T. Dussick, ọkà mmụta akwara ozi na Mahadum Vienna dị na Austria, nke malitere na njedebe 30s.

1937 Ọkammụta mgbakọ na mwepụ nke Poland bụ Stefan Kaczmarz chepụtara n'ọrụ ya “Technical Reconstruction Technique Algebraic” ntọala ntọala nke usoro nrụgharị algebra, bụ nke e jiri wee mee ihe n'ịgbakọ tomography na nhazi akara dijitalụ.

N'afọ 40. Iwebata onyonyo onyonyo site na iji tube X-ray na-atụgharị gburugburu ahụ onye ọrịa ma ọ bụ akụkụ ahụ nke ọ bụla. Nke a nyere anyị ohere ịhụ nkọwa nke anatomical na mgbanwe pathological na ngalaba.

1946 Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị America bụ Edward Purcell na Felix Bloch n'onwe ha chepụtara resonance magnetik NMR (3). E nyere ha ihe nrite Nobel na Physics maka “mmepe nke ụzọ ọhụrụ a ga-esi enyocha ihe kpọmkwem na nchọpụta ndị metụtara ya n’ihe gbasara magnetism nuklia.”

3. NMR akụrụngwa set

1950 bilie nyocha ahịrị kwụ ọtọ, nke Benedict Cassin chịkọtara. Ejiri ụdị ngwaọrụ a ruo mmalite 70s nwere ọgwụ isotope redio dị iche iche dabere na akụkụ ahụ niile.

1953 Gordon Brownell nke Massachusetts Institute of Technology na-emepụta ngwaọrụ bụ onye na-ebute ụzọ igwefoto PET nke oge a. Site n'enyemaka ya, ya na neurosurgeon William H. Sweet jikwaa ịchọpụta etuto ụbụrụ.

1955 A na-emepụta ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe onyonyo X-ray dị ike ka ha mepụta onyonyo X-ray nke onyonyo na-agagharị agagharị nke anụ ahụ na akụkụ ahụ. Igwe X-ray ndị a nyere ozi ọhụrụ gbasara ọrụ anụ ahụ dị ka obi na-eti ihe na usoro arịa ọbara.

1955-1958 Dọkịta Scotland bụ Ian Donald na-amalite iji ule ultrasound mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe maka nyocha ahụike. Ọ na-eme gynecology. Edemede ya, "Nchọpụta nke Abdominal Mass site Pulsed Ultrasound," nke e bipụtara na June 7, 1958, na akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụike Lancet, kọwapụtara iji nkà na ụzụ ultrasound mee ihe ma tọọ ntọala maka nchọpụta prenatal (4).

1957 Emepụtala endoscope nke mbụ fiber-optic - gastroenterologist Basili Hirschowitz na ndị ọrụ ibe ya na Mahadum Michigan patent a fiber optic, gastroscope ọkara-agbanwe agbanwe.

1958 Hal Oscar Anger na-enye nzukọ kwa afọ nke American Society of Nuclear Medicine ụlọ scintillation nke na-enye ohere ike. anya akụkụ ahụ mmadụ. Ngwaọrụ na-abanye n'ahịa afọ iri ka e mesịrị.

1963 Ọhụrụ minted dọkịta David Kuhl, ya na enyi ya, engineer Roy Edwards, na-ewetara ụwa mbụ ha nkwonkwo ọrụ, n'ihi nke ọtụtụ afọ nke nkwadebe: ụwa mbụ ngwa nke a na-akpọ. emission tomographynke ha nyere aha Mark II. N'ime afọ ndị sochirinụ, a na-emepụta echiche ziri ezi na ụdị mgbakọ na mwepụ, a na-eme ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ihe ma na-arụkwa ígwè ọrụ dị elu karị. N'ikpeazụ, na 1976, John Keyes kere igwe SPECT mbụ - otu foton emission tomography - dabere na ahụmịhe nke Coole na Edwards.

1967-1971 N'iji usoro algebra nke Stefan Kaczmarz, onye England na-ahụ maka ọkụ eletrik Godfrey Hounsfield na-emepụta ntọala usoro ihe omimi nke ihe omimi. N'afọ ndị sochirinụ, o wuru nyocha CT nke mbụ na-arụ ọrụ, EMI (5), bụ nke mere nyocha mmadụ mbụ na 1971 na Atkinson Morley Hospital na Wimbledon. The ngwaọrụ malitere mmepụta na 1973. N'afọ 1979, Hounsfield, ya na ọkà mmụta sayensị America bụ Allan M. Cormack, nwetara Nrite Nobel maka ntinye aka ha na mmepe nke ihe nkiri kọmputa.

5. Ihe nyocha nnyonye anya elektrọnik

1973 American chemist Paul Lauterbur (6) chọpụtara na site n'iwebata gradients nke magnetik na-agafe ihe e nyere, ọ ga-ekwe omume nyochaa ma chọpụta ihe mejupụtara nke ihe a. Ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eji usoro a mepụta ihe oyiyi nke dị iche n'etiti mmiri nkịtị na nke dị arọ. Dabere na ọrụ ya, ọkà mmụta physicist bụ Peter Mansfield na-ewulite echiche nke ya ma gosipụta otu esi eme ngwa ngwa na n'ụzọ ziri ezi ihe oyiyi nke ime ụlọ.

Nsonaazụ nke ọrụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị abụọ ahụ bụ nnwale ahụike na-adịghị emerụ ahụ nke a maara dị ka imaging resonance magnetik, ma ọ bụ MRI. N'afọ 1977, a na-eji igwe MRI, nke ndị dọkịta America bụ Raymond Damadian, Larry Minkoff na Michael Goldsmith mepụtara, maka oge mbụ iji mụọ mmadụ. Enyere Lauterbur na Mansfield ihe nrite 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

1974 Onye America Michael Phelps na-emepụta igwefoto maka positron emission tomography (PET). Emepụtara ihe nyocha PET azụmaahịa mbụ maka ọrụ Phelps na Michel Ter-Poghossian, bụ ndị duziri okike nke sistemụ site na EG&G ORTEC. Awụnyere nyocha ahụ na UCLA na 1974. N'ihi na mkpụrụ ndụ kansa na-emepụta glucose ugboro iri ngwa ngwa karịa sel nkịtị, etuto ahụ dị njọ na-apụta dị ka ntụpọ na-egbuke egbuke na nyocha PET (7).

1976 Dọkịta na-awa ahụ Andreas Grünzig na-enye angioplasty coronary na Hospitallọ Ọgwụ Mahadum Zurich, Switzerland. Usoro a na-eji fluoroscopy agwọ stenosis nke arịa ọbara.

1978 bilie dijitalụ redio. Maka oge mbụ, a na-atụgharị ihe oyiyi sitere na usoro X-ray ka ọ bụrụ faịlụ dijitalụ, nke enwere ike ịhazi ya maka nchọpụta doro anya ma chekwaa ya maka nyocha na nyocha n'ọdịnihu.

N'afọ 80. Douglas Boyd na-ewebata usoro elektrọn beam tomography. Ihe nyocha ndị dị otú ahụ (EBT) na-eji eriri eletrọn na-ebugharị magnet iji mepụta mgbanaka nke X-ray.

1984 A na-ebute nhazi ihe oyiyi 3D mbụ site na iji kọmputa dijitalụ na data CT ma ọ bụ MRI iji mepụta ihe oyiyi XNUMXD nke ọkpụkpụ na akụkụ ahụ.

1989 A na-abata n'ọrụ spiral computed tomography (spiral CT). Nke a bụ ule nke nwere nchikota nke mmegharị ntụgharị na-aga n'ihu nke usoro ihe nchọpụta oriọna na mmegharị nke tebụl n'elu ule ule (8). Otu uru dị mkpa nke spiral tomography bụ mbenata oge nyocha (na-enye gị ohere ịnweta onyonyo nke ọtụtụ ọkwa iri na abụọ n'otu nyocha na-adịru ọtụtụ sekọnd), nchịkọta ọgụgụ sitere na olu dum, gụnyere akụkụ akụkụ, nke dị n'etiti nyocha na CT ọdịnala. yana ezigbo nyocha nyocha ekele maka ngwanrọ ọhụrụ. Onye ọsụ ụzọ nke usoro ọhụrụ ahụ bụ Siemens Research and Development Director Dr. Willi A. Kalender. N'oge na-adịghị anya ndị nrụpụta ndị ọzọ gbasoro nzọụkwụ Siemens.

8. Atụmatụ nke spiral computed tomography

1993 Iji zụlite usoro echoplanar imaging (EPI) nke ga-ekwe ka usoro MRI chọpụta nnukwu ọrịa strok n'oge mmalite. EPI na-enyekwa onyonyo na-arụ ọrụ, dị ka ọrụ ụbụrụ, na-enye ndị dọkịta ohere ịmụ ọrụ nke akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụbụrụ.

1998 Ihe ọmụmụ PET nke a na-akpọ multimodal yana tomography. Nke a bụ Dr. David W. Townsend nke Mahadum Pittsburgh tinyere Ron Nutt, ọkachamara na sistemụ PET. Nke a ewepụtala ohere dị ukwuu maka nyocha nke metabolic na anatomical nke ndị ọrịa cancer. Ihe nlere nke mbụ PET/CT nyocha, nke CTI PET Systems mere na wuru na Knoxville, Tennessee, malitere ọrụ na 1998.

2018 MARS Bioimaging na-enye teknụzụ agba i Ihe onyonyo ahụike 3D (9), nke kama foto ojii na-acha ọcha nke dị n'ime ahụ na-enye àgwà ọhụrụ kpamkpam na ọgwụ - ihe oyiyi agba.

Ụdị nyocha ọhụrụ ahụ na-eji teknụzụ Medipix, nke mbụ mepụtara maka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na European Organisation for Nuklia Research (CERN) iji soro ihe dị na Large Hadron Collider site na iji algọridim kọmputa. Kama ịdekọ ụzarị X-ray ka ha na-agafe n'anụ ahụ na ka esi etinye ha n'ahụ, ihe nyocha na-achọpụta kpọmkwem ike ọkụ X-ray dị ka ọ na-akụ akụkụ dị iche iche nke ahụ. Mgbe ahụ, ọ na-agbanwe nsonaazụ ya na agba dị iche iche kwekọrọ na ọkpụkpụ, mọzụlụ na anụ ahụ ndị ọzọ.

9. Akụkụ agba nke nkwojiaka, mere site na iji teknụzụ MARS Bioimaging.

Nhazi nke onyonyo ahụike

1. Roentgen (x-ray) Nke a bụ x-ray nke ahụ site na ịtụpụta x-ray na ihe nkiri ma ọ bụ ihe nchọpụta. A na-ahụ anya nke anụ ahụ dị nro mgbe edozichara ọdịiche. Usoro a, nke a na-ejikarị na-achọpụta usoro skeletal, bụ nke ziri ezi dị ala na ọdịiche dị ala. Na mgbakwunye, radieshon nwere mmetụta na-adịghị mma - 99% nke dose ahụ na-etinye obi gị dum site na organism test.

2. tomography (Grik - ngalaba cross) - aha mkpokọta nke ụzọ nchọpụta nke gụnyere ịnweta ihe oyiyi nke akụkụ obe nke ahụ ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya. A na-ekewa usoro Tomographic n'ime ọtụtụ otu:

• UZI (UZI) - usoro na-adịghị emerụ ahụ nke na-eji ihe egwu egwu nke ụda na njedebe nke mgbasa ozi dị iche iche. Ọ na-eji ultrasonic (2-5 MHz) na piezoelectric transducers. Ihe onyonyo a na-agagharị ozugbo;
• tomography gbakọọ (CT) - na-eji x-ray kọmputa na-achịkwa iji mepụta onyonyo nke ahụ. Iji X-ray eme ihe na-eme ka CT bịaruo X-ray nso, mana nyocha X-ray na CT na-enye ozi dị iche iche. Ọ bụ eziokwu na onye na-ahụ maka redio nwere ahụmahụ nwekwara ike ịchọpụta ebe akụkụ atọ dị, dịka ọmụmaatụ, etuto si na foto x-ray, mana x-ray, n'adịghị ka nyocha CT, dị n'ime ya bụ akụkụ abụọ;
• imaging resonance magnet (MRI) - Ụdị tomography a na-eji ebili mmiri redio na-enyocha ndị ọrịa na-etinye n'ime oghere magnetik siri ike. Onyonyo a na-esi na ya pụta gbadoro ụkwụ na ebili mmiri redio nke anụ ahụ a na-enyocha na-ebupụta, nke na-ebute akara ma ọ bụ dị ntakịrị dabere na gburugburu kemịkalụ. Enwere ike ịchekwa onyonyo ahụ onye ọrịa dịka data kọmputa. MRI, dị ka CT, na-enye ihe oyiyi XNUMXD na XNUMXD, ma mgbe ụfọdụ ọ bụ usoro dị nro karị, karịsịa maka ịmata ọdịiche dị nro;
• positron emission tomography (PET) - ndebanye aha nke onyonyo kọmputa nke mgbanwe na metabolism shuga na-eme na anụ ahụ. A na-enye onye ọrịa ahụ ntụtụ nke ihe bụ ngwakọta nke shuga na shuga a na-akpọ isotope. Nke ikpeazụ na-eme ka o kwe omume ịchọta ọrịa kansa n'ihi na mkpụrụ ndụ kansa na-amịkọrọ mkpụrụ ndụ shuga nke ọma karịa anụ ahụ ndị ọzọ. Mgbe ị nwetasịrị shuga redio akara, onye ọrịa ahụ dinara ala maka ihe ruru.
• Nkeji 60 ka shuga nwere akara na-ekesa n'ahụ ya. Ọ bụrụ na etuto ahụ dị, shuga ga-agbakọta na ya nke ọma. Mgbe ahụ, onye ọrịa ahụ, nke edobere na tebụl, ejiri nwayọ webata ya na nyocha PET - ugboro 6-7 karịa nkeji 45-60. A na-eji ihe nyocha PET chọpụta nkesa shuga n'anụ ahụ. N'ihi nyocha nke nyocha CT na PET, enwere ike ịkọwa etuto nwere ike bụrụ nke ọma. Onye na-ahụ maka redio na-enyocha onyonyo a haziri na kọmpụta. PET nwere ike ịchọpụta ihe na-adịghị mma ọ bụrụgodị na ụzọ ndị ọzọ na-egosi anụ ahụ nkịtị. Ọ na-emekwa ka o kwe omume ịchọpụta nlọghachi nke ọrịa cancer ma chọpụta irè ọgwụgwọ - ka etuto ahụ na-ebelata, mkpụrụ ndụ ya na-emeziwanye obere shuga;
• Otu foton emission tomography (SPECT) - teknụzụ tomographic na ngalaba ọgwụ nuklia. N'iji radieshon gamma, ọ ga-ekwe omume ịmepụta ihe oyiyi mbara igwe nke ọrụ ndu nke akụkụ ọ bụla nke ahụ onye ọrịa. Usoro a na-enye gị ohere iji anya nke uche hụ oruru ọbara na metabolism na mpaghara enyere. Ọ na-eji radiopharmaceuticals. Ha bụ ogige kemịkalụ nwere ihe abụọ - tracer, nke bụ isotope redioaktivu, na ihe na-ebu nke enwere ike itinye ya na anụ ahụ na akụkụ ahụ wee merie mgbochi ụbụrụ ọbara. Ndị na-ebu ibu na-enwekarị ikike nke na-ahọrọ nke ọma na mgbochi nke mkpụrụ ndụ etuto. Ha na-edozi n'ogo nke dabara na metabolism; 
• Nyocha anya coherence tomography (OCT) - usoro ọhụrụ yiri nke ultrasound, ma a na-enyocha onye ọrịa site na iji ọkụ ọkụ (interferometer). Eji maka nyocha anya na dermatology na dentistry. Ìhè a gbasasịa azụ na-agwa anyị ọnọdụ nke ebe ndị dị n'akụkụ okporo ụzọ nke ìhè ọkụ ebe ndetu refractive na-agbanwe.

3. Scintigraphy - ebe a, anyị na-enweta ihe oyiyi nke akụkụ, na karịa ọrụ ha niile, na-eji obere doses nke redioaktivu isotopes (radiopharmaceuticals). Usoro a dabere na omume nke ụfọdụ ọgwụ ọgwụ na ahụ. Ha na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ụgbọ njem maka isotope a na-eji. Ọgwụ nke akpọrọ aha na-agbakọta n'ime akụkụ ahụ a na-amụ. Radioisotope na-ewepụta radieshon ionizing (ọtụtụ mgbe gamma radieshon), na-abanye n'èzí ahụ, ebe ihe a na-akpọ igwefoto gamma na-edekọ ya.