Ọrụ "Bazaar-garden"

A na-ewere Operation Market-Garden dị ka nnukwu mmeri jikọrọ ọnụ, mana akụkọ ahụ edochaghị anya. Ndị Germany nwetara nnukwu mfu ma wepụta akụkụ nke Netherlands, na-eke ihe ndabere maka ịwakpo Reich site na Reichswald, ọ bụ ezie na nke a abụghị ebumnuche mbụ.

Ọrụ kachasị ukwuu nke ndị Allies rụrụ na Septemba 1944 na Netherlands jigidere bụ ebumnuche ịchụpụ ndị agha German na ịgafe ihe nchebe German a maara dị ka Line Siegfried si n'ebe ugwu, nke ga-enye ohere ịbanye na Ruhr wee mee ka agha ahụ kwụsị ngwa ngwa. . Isi okwu bụ ijide àkwà mmiri dị na Rhine na osimiri ndị ọzọ tupu Germany enwee ike ibibi ha. Ọ bụ Marshal Montgomery mere atụmatụ ọrụ a, onye duuru otu ndị agha nke iri abụọ na otu wee soro onye ọchịagha nke US 21rd Army, General George Patton, wee hụ onye ga-ebu ụzọ rute nrụnye ụlọ ọrụ nke atọ nke atọ. Montgomery kwenye General Dwight Eisenhower ka ọ rụọ ọrụ a, n'agbanyeghị nnukwu ihe egwu dị.

Mgbe e meriri na Normandy n'oge okpomọkụ nke 1944, ndị agha German si na France pụọ, ndị agha jikọrọ aka na-achụso ha, na-ejedebe karịsịa site na ihe isi ike n'ibu mmanụ na ihe ndị ọzọ, bụ nke a ga-ebuga n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri artificial na Normandy na obere ikike. , ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke Cherbourg na Le Havre Na Septemba 2, ndị agha Britain banyere Belgium, ụbọchị abụọ ka e mesịrị, ndị nche tank Division tọhapụrụ Brussels, na-agafe n'ókèala Belgian fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ n'alụghị ọgụ. N'otu oge ahụ, na 5 September 1944, British XXX Corps, na-alụ ọgụ n'ebe ugwu, weghaara Antwerp na 11th Panzer Division n'isi ya. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ndị agha Polish 1st Armored Division, akụkụ nke 1st Canadian Army, were Ypres.

1st Allied Airborne Army, nke e kere n'oge okpomọkụ nke 1944, nwere ngalaba ise n'ime ozu abụọ. British 1st Airborne Corps nwere 6th DPD na 1st DPD na 17th Polish Independent Parachute Brigade, ebe American 82nd Airborne Corps nwere 101st DPD, XNUMXst DPD na XNUMXth DPD. -I DPD.

N'oge a, ọchịagha nke XXX Corps mehiere na-egbu egbu. Ozugbo e weghasịrị Antwerp, ọ dị mkpa ịkwaga ọtụtụ iri puku kilomita gaa n'ebe ugwu wee bipụ Midden-Zeeland Peninsula na mba ndị ọzọ. Nke a ga-emechi ụzọ mgbapụ nke German 15th Army, bụ ndị na-agbaga n'akụkụ ụsọ oké osimiri Belgian, site na Ostend, n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, yiri XXX Corps, nke na-aga n'ihu n'ihu.

Antwerp adịghị n'akụkụ oké osimiri, kama ọ bụ n'ọnụ ọnụ Scheldt, bụ́ nnukwu osimiri nke na-esi na France na-agafe, site na Cambrai, mesịakwa gafee Belgium. Tupu ọnụ nke Scheldt ọ na-atụgharị nke ọma na ọdịda anyanwụ, chee ogologo mmiri dị warara dị warara na-esi na ọdịda anyanwụ gaa n'ọwụwa anyanwụ. N'ebe ugwu n'ikpere mmiri nke a n'ọnụ mmiri bụ kpọmkwem warara na isi, mgbe ahụ na-agbasawanye peninsula nke Zuid-Beveland na n'àgwàetiti Walcheren dina na ya aga n'ihu, ma n'ezie ejikọrọ na peninsula site na ala gafere (agwaetiti ahụ dị adị tupu drainage nke polders). ). Mgbe ndị Briten weghaara Antwerp, ha tụrụ akụkụ nke ndị agha nke 15 n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ obodo ahụ mkpọrọ. Otú ọ dị, ọdịda nke "imechi" isthmus jikọtara ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Zuid-Beveland na mpaghara ndị ọzọ pụtara na n'etiti 4 na 20 September ndị Germany kwagara ụdị njem dị iche iche n'ofe Scheldt estuary, karịsịa site na 65th na 000th Rifle Divisions ( DP). Mpụpụ ahụ e kwuru n'elu mere site na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Antwerp ruo Zuid-Beveland peninsula na agwaetiti Walcheren metụtara, ebe ọtụtụ n'ime ya batara na Netherlands, n'okpuru imi nke British XXX Corps, dị ka ọchịagha ya. Lieutenant General Brian Horrocks, chere kama ibuso ọwụwa anyanwụ banye Netherlands wee banye na Germany, yana na ndị Germany nwere ike ịpụ n'usoro n'usoro ahụ emeghị ya.

Otú ọ dị, ka ọ dị ugbu a, Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe, na-aga n'ihu n'ebe ndịda, na-atụghị anya ya nweta nkwado na Albert Canal na Belgian obodo Lommel, tupu ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ruo n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na Netherlands, tupu Germany n'onwe ya tụgharịa n'ebe ndịda, na-eke. Ịga na ndịda bụ obere asụsụ Dutch, nke dị n'ime ya obodo Maastricht. N'ịbụ ndị na-esi na France pụọ na Belgium dum, ndị Germany jisiri ike pụọ na ndị agha Allied na-achụ ha, ọ bụkwa na Albert Canal ka e kere isi ihe nchebe. Ọ bụ ihe mgbochi mmiri sitere n'okike, nke sara mbara nke ukwuu, jikọtara Antwerp (Scheldt) na Liege (Meuse). Ọwa mmiri a bụ ụzọ mmiri na-aga kpọmkwem site n'otu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe a ma ama, nke a ma ama maka mmepụta ígwè ya, nke nwere nnukwu ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri. N'aka nke ọzọ, Mosa nke na-esi na Liège gafere n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ n'akụkụ ókèala German na Dutch na-adịghị anya na ya, na nso Venlo ọ tụgharịrị n'ebe ugwu, na nso Nijmegen ọ tụgharịrị nke ọma n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, na-agafe na alaka abụọ nke Rhine n'ihu. n'ebe ugwu, kpọmkwem site Netherlands , site n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ruo North Sea.

Ọtụtụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri buru ibu na-agafe na Netherlands, bụ nke a na-egwupụta nke ọma n'ihi ala dị larịị nke South Holland. Na mgbakwunye, ebe apịtị apịtị nwere ọtụtụ swamps mere ka ọ dị mfe ịhazi nchekwa ebe a. Otú ọ dị, ruo nwa oge, site ná mmalite nke September 1944, a kụgidere ndị agha German megide Ọwa Mmiri Albert, bụ́ nke na-aga n'ụzọ yiri ókèala Belgian na Dutch. Na na-atụghị anya ya, na Septemba 10, 1944, Battalion nke abụọ Irish Guards, nke ndị agha 2th Guards Tank Brigade sitere na Guards Armored Division, dugara n'ime obodo Lommel dị nso na obodo Neerpelt wee weghara akwa mmiri na-adịghị emebi emebi n'ofe Albert Canal, site na ya. nke ndị nche Shermans gbara ọsọ, na-ebi n'obere abutment n'akụkụ ugwu nke ọwa mmiri ahụ. Site n'okporo ụzọ obodo a No. 5 gbagara Eindhoven, ebe ntakịrị ugwu nke obodo ahụ, na Sona, ọ gafere Wilhelmina Canal, wee si na Grave, ebe okporo ụzọ ahụ kwuru gafere Meuse na Nimegen, ebe okporo ụzọ ahụ gafere. alaka ndịda nke Rhine-Waal, ruo Arnhem, ebe okporo ụzọ gafere North Rhine - Lower Rhine. Mgbe ahụ, otu ụzọ ahụ gara n'ebe ugwu ruo na nsọtụ Netherlands, kewara na Meppel n'otu alaka ruo Leeuwarden, nke dị nso n'oké osimiri, na Groningen, nke dị nso n'ókè Germany. Mgbe ahụ Netherlands kwụsịrị, ebe a ụsọ oké osimiri tụgharịrị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, n'akụkụ Emden, nke dịlarị na Germany.

Mgbe Marshal Bernard L. Montgomery tụpụtara echiche mbụ maka ọrụ ọhụrụ ahụ, n'oge a a na-akpọ "Comet", na 13 August, ọ chọrọ iji akwa mmiri Albert Canal weghaara, bụ nke dị ugbu a na-akpọ "Joe's Bridge" na nsọpụrụ. nke ọchịagha nke 3rd Irish Guard - lieutenant colonel. John Ormsby Evelyn Vandeleur Motorized Infantry Battalion (mkpụrụ edemede ya bụ JO, nke bụkwa aha Lieutenant Colonel Vandeleur) iji malite mwakpo na Route 69 ruo Arnhem site na isi mmiri a. Nke a ga-etinye ndị agha ya n'ebe ugwu nke mgbidi German nke a maara dị ka Siegfried Line, nke na-agafe ókèala France, Luxembourg na Belgium, yana akụkụ nke Netherlands, na-agwụ na Kleve, bụ ebe Rhine na-asọga n'akụkụ Dutch. . ntakịrị n'azụ ókèala ahụ, na-ekewa n'ime nnukwu alaka abụọ: Vaal dị na ndịda na Lower Rhine n'ebe ugwu, na-agafe Netherlands wee banye n'Oké Osimiri North. Ọpụpụ n'ebe ugwu nke Lower Rhine kwere ka ntụgharị ọwụwa anyanwụ na mbuso agha nke Germany n'ebe ugwu nke Siegfried Line na n'ebe ugwu nke Ruhr, chere Münster. Mwakpo nke na-ebipụ Ruhr site na Germany ndị ọzọ gaara abụ ọdachi maka mgbalị agha German na kwesịrị ime ka agha ahụ kwụsị ngwa ngwa.