Isi agha tank T-72
Isi agha tank T-72Mgbanwe na T-72 isi agha tank:
Ụgbọ mmiri T-72
MBT T-72 bụ nke Uralvagonzavod mepụtara na Nizhny Tagil. A na-ahazi usoro mmepụta nke tank n'otu ụlọ ọrụ dị na Nizhny Tagil. Site na 1979 ruo 1985, a na-emepụta tank T-72A. Na ndabere ya, e mepụtara ụdị mbupụ nke T-72M, mgbe ahụ, mgbanwe ya ọzọ - tank T-72M1. Kemgbe 1985, a na-emepụta tank T-72B na ụdị mbupụ ya T-72S. E bugara tankị nke usoro T-72 na mba ndị bụbu Warsaw Pact, yana India, Yugoslavia, Iraq, Syria, Libya, Kuwait, Algeria na Finland. Na ndabere nke tank T-72, BREM-1, MTU-72 tank akwa oyi akwa, na IMR-2 engine mgbochi ụgbọ ka e mepụtara na-etinye n'ime uka mmepụta. Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke tank T-72Mmalite nke usoro nke ịmepụta tank T-72 tọrọ site n'iwu nke Council of Minister nke USSR nke August 15, 1967 "Na-akwadebe Soviet Army na ọhụrụ T-64 ọkara tankị na-emepe emepe ike maka mmepụta ha" , dị ka nke e mere atụmatụ ịhazi usoro mmepụta nke tankị T-64 ọ bụghị naanị na Kharkov Plant of Transport Engineering aha ya bụ Malyshev (KhZTM), kamakwa na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na ụlọ ọrụ, gụnyere Uralvagonzavod (UVZ), ebe. A na-emepụta tankị ọkara T-62 n'oge ahụ. Nkwenye nke mkpebi a bụ n'ụzọ ezi uche dị na ya site na mmepe nke ụlọ tankị Soviet na oge nke 1950-1960. Ọ bụ n'afọ ndị ahụ ka onye isi ndị agha na teknụzụ kacha elu nke mba ahụ D.F. Ustinov, L.V. Smirnov, S.A.. Zverev na P.P. Poluboyarov (Marshal nke ndị agha agha, site na 1954 ruo 1969 - onye isi nke ndị agha Soviet Army) mere nzọ na-enweghị mgbagha na tank T-64, mepụtara na KB-60 (ebe 1966 - Kharkov Design Bureau for Mechanical Engineering). - KMDB) n'okpuru nduzi nke A. A. Morozov. Ụgbọ mmiri T-72 "Ural"
Ndị agha Soviet nakweere T-72 na August 7, 1973. Echiche nke A.A. Morozov, ga-abawanye ọkwa nke isi atụmatụ na njirimara teknụzụ nke tank n'ebughị ibu ya. A prototype tank, kere na kpuchie nke echiche a - "ihe 20" - pụtara na 430. N'elu igwe a, etinyere ihe ngwọta teknụzụ ọhụrụ, n'ime nke mbụ, ọ dị mkpa ịgụnye ntinye nke engine 1957TD nke nwere ụdị ọrịa strok abụọ na iji igbe igbe ngwa ngwa abụọ dị obere. Ngwọta teknụzụ ndị a mere ka o kwe omume ibelata ma olu nke MTO na oke echekwabara nke tank na obere ụkpụrụ na-enwetụbeghị ụdị - 5 na 2,6 m.3 n'otu n'otu. Iji mee ka ibu ọgụ nke tankị dị n'ime tọn 36, a na-eme usoro iji mee ka ụgbọ ala dị n'okpuru ya dị mfe: a na-ebute wiil okporo ụzọ dị obere dayameta nke nwere nhụsianya dị n'ime ya na diski aluminom alloy discs na mkpirisi mkpirisi torsion. Nchekwa arọ nke enwetara site na ihe ọhụrụ ndị a mere ka o kwe omume iwusi nchebe agha nke ọkpụkpụ na turret siri ike. Site na mmalite nke ule nke "ihe 430", e gosipụtara enweghị ntụkwasị obi nke engine 5TD. Mgbakasị ahụ dị elu nke otu cylinder-piston etinyere na nhazi ya, jikọtara ya na nguzogide na-abawanye na mpụta ahụ, butere mmebi ugboro ugboro na arụ ọrụ pistons nkịtị na ọdịda nke manifolds iyuzucha. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ọ tụgharịrị na n'oge okpomọkụ kachasị elu (+ 25 ° C na n'okpuru), engine enweghị ike ịmalite na-enweghị preheating na okpomọkụ. A na-ekpughekwa ọtụtụ ntụpọ imewe na obere ihe dị arọ nke tankị. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ọbụna na nhazi nhazi, "ihe 430" malitere ịdaba n'azụ ụdị mba ọzọ kachasị ọhụrụ n'ihe banyere njirimara arụmọrụ ya. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1960, etinyelarị ego buru ibu n'ọrụ ndị a, na nkwụsị ha ga-apụta n'ịmata ọdịda nke mkpebi niile gara aga. N'oge a, A.A. Morozov gosipụtara teknụzụ teknụzụ nke tank "ihe 432". E jiri ya tụnyere "ihe 430", ọ gụnyere ọtụtụ ihe ọhụrụ, gụnyere: egbe 115-mm dị nro nke nwere ihe dị iche iche nke cartridge; Usoro ntinye egbe, nke nyere ohere ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na mmadụ 3; ngwa agha jikọtara nke anụ ahụ na turret, yana ihuenyo akụkụ mgbochi mgbochi; gbagoro ruo 700 hp diesel strok abụọ 5TDF na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. Ụgbọ mmiri T-64
E tinyere tankị ahụ n'ọrụ na 1969 dị ka tank tank T-64A. Ná mmalite nke 1962, e mepụtara chassis nnwale nke "ihe 432". Mgbe echichi nke ụlọ elu teknụzụ, nnwale nke oké osimiri malitere. Mbụ zuru ezu tank dị njikere na September 1962, nke abụọ - na October 10. Ugbua n'October 22, otu n'ime ha ka e nyere ndị isi ọchịchị obodo ahụ n'ogige ọzụzụ Kubinka. N'otu oge ahụ, N.S. Khrushchev nwetara mmesi obi ike banyere mmalite mmalite nke mmepụta nke tank ọhụrụ ahụ, n'ihi na n'oge na-adịghị anya na ọ bụ enweghị ihe ndabere. Na 1962-1963, e mepụtara ụdị isii nke tank "ihe 432". N'afọ 1964, a na-emepụta tankị pilot na ọnụọgụ 90. Na 1965, ụgbọ ala 160 ọzọ hapụrụ ala ụlọ mmepụta ihe.
T-64 tank e mepụtara maka obere oge - ruo 1969 - na 1963 ọrụ malitere na tank "ihe 434". Ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ rụọ ọrụ n'otu n'otu na mma-n'iji ya gee ntị nke "ihe 432": na 1964 e dechara teknuzu oru ngo, na 1966-1967 prototypes e mere, na May 1968 T-64A tank, njikere na 125. -mm D-81 egbe ala, etinyere n'ọrụ. Mkpebi nke Council of Minister nke USSR nke August 15, 1967 na-ezokwa aka na ntọhapụ nke ụdị "nchekwa" nke tank T-64. Ọ dị mkpa n'ihi enweghị ikike maka mmepụta nke 5TDF engines na Kharkov, nke na-enweghị ike inye olu nke mmepụta nke tankị T-64 na osisi ndị ọzọ n'oge udo na oge agha. Ihe ọghọm nke ụdị Kharkiv nke ụlọ ọrụ ike sitere na echiche mkpokọta doro anya ọ bụghị naanị ndị mmegide, kamakwa ndị na-akwado ya, gụnyere A.A. Morozov n'onwe ya. Ma ọ bụghị ya, ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịkọwa eziokwu na imewe nke "nchekwa" version e rụrụ site A.A. Morozov kemgbe 1961. Igwe a, nke natara aha "ihe 436", na mgbe ụfọdụ mmezi - "ihe 439", e mepụtara kama umengwụ. Otú o sina dị, na 1969, anọ prototypes nke tank "ihe 439" arụpụtara na-anwale na ọhụrụ MTO na a engine V-45, mma version nke ezinụlọ mmanụ dizel V-2. Tank T-64A (ihe 434)
Ọkara tank T-64A (ihe 434) nlereanya 1969 Ka ọ na-erule mmalite 1970s, nnukwu obi abụọ abanyela na Ministry of Defense banyere ma ọ bara uru ịtọhapụ tankị T-64 na injin 5TDF ma ọlị. Ugbua na 1964, engine a na nkwụnye ahụ na-arụ ọrụ 300 awa engine, ma n'okpuru ọnọdụ ọrụ na tank, ndụ engine nke engine agaghị agafe 100 awa! N'afọ 1966, mgbe ule ụlọ ọrụ gachara, e guzobere ihe enyemaka nke awa 200, site na 1970 ọ mụbara ruo awa 300. Na 1945, V-2 engine na tank T-34-85 na-arụ ọrụ banyere otu ego, na mgbe ọzọ! Mana injin 300TDF enweghị ike iguzogide awa 5 ndị a. N'ime oge site na 1966 ruo 1969, 879 engines dara na ndị agha. N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1967, n'oge ule na Belarusian Military District, engine nke tankị 10 dara n'ime awa ole na ole nke ọrụ: agịga osisi Krismas kpuchiri cyclones na-ehicha ikuku, mgbe ahụ, uzuzu na-ehichapụ piston mgbanaka. N'oge okpomọkụ nke afọ na-abịa, a ga-eme ule ọhụrụ na Central Asia na ekwesịrị iwebata usoro ọhụrụ nke ime ka ikuku dị ọcha. Minister of Defense USSR A.A. Grechko na 1971, tupu accelerated agha ule nke iri na ise T-64 tankị, gwara Kharkovites:
“Otu ụfọdụ, n’ebe a na-azụ ihe agha, ekpebiri m ile tankị a anya. Rigoro n'ime ngalaba ọgụ. Akpata loader na stacking nke gbaa na turret ahụghị m mmasị. Mgbọ égbè ahụ kwụ ọtọ n'akụkụ eriri ubu nke ụlọ elu ahụ ma nwee obere ohere ịnweta onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala. N'ọnọdụ mmerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ mgbakasị ahụ, ọ ga-esi nnọọ ike ịchụpụ ya na tankị. N'ịnọ ọdụ n'oche onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala, ọ dị m ka m nọ n'ọnyà: e nwere ígwè gburugburu, ikike ikwurịta okwu na ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị ọzọ siri ike. Mgbe m rutere n'ụlọ, agwara m ndị ọrụ nhazi nke Kovalev na Bystritsky ka ha mepụta ihe ọhụrụ akpaka loader maka tank T-62. Ndị ọrụ ibe ji mmasị dị ukwuu meghachi omume na ọrụ ahụ. Achọpụtara ohere nke ịkwakọba ogbunigwe n'ahịrị abụọ, n'okpuru ala na-atụgharị, bụ nke mere ka ịnweta onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala dịkwuo mma ma nwekwuo ndụ nke tank ahụ n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ. Na njedebe nke 1965, anyị dechara mmepe nke igwe a, ma ọ bụghị ihe ezi uche ịmebata ya, ebe ọ bụ na n'oge ahụ Central Committee nke CPSU na Council of Minister nke USSR nyere iwu na-etinye iwu. Kharkov tank n'ime mmepụta na anyị ... Ebe ọ bụ na ndị Kharkovites enweghị ike iweta tank ha na ọnọdụ mmepụta ihe, anyị kpebiri ozugbo enwere ike ịwụnye egbe 125-mm na ihe nkwụnye akpaka na-arụ ọrụ maka anyị maka egbe 115-mm. T-62 tank. N'ihe gbasara akụkụ nke mpụga, egbe abụọ ahụ bụ otu. Ọtụtụ mgbe, anyị na-ewepụta oge ọrụ anyị niile iji kwekọọ n'ụfọdụ ụbọchị ncheta. A raara ọrụ a maka ncheta afọ 50 nke Mgbanwe Ọktoba. N'oge na-adịghị, e mere otu prototype nke tank T-62 na 125-mm egbe. Nwere ahụmahụ tank "ihe 167" 1961
Chassis nke igwe a jere ozi dị ka ihe ndabere maka ịmepụta chassis nke tank T-72. Ya na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta engine nke Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant, nke I.Ya na-edu. A mụrụ Trashutin, ohere nke ịmanye engine nke ezinụlọ V-2 na ike nke 780 hp. n'ihi nkwalite. N'otu n'ime ihe atụ ahụ ("ihe 167"), etinyere ma nwalee ihe mkpuchi rola isii siri ike. Ọrụ nke "ihe 167" na ọdịnihu nke "iri asaa na abụọ" dị oke mkpa. A na-etinye ihe ndị a na tank a: igwe mmanụ dizel 700-horsepower V-26 nke nwere mgbasa ozi siri ike, ụgbọ ala ọhụrụ (nkwado 6 na 3 na-akwado rollers na ụgbọ mmiri) na-eji ire ụtọ dị ukwuu, onye na-emepụta ihe ọhụrụ, usoro nchịkwa hydro-servo. ngalaba nnyefe na ihe mgbochi radieshon. Ebe ọ bụ na iwebata ihe ọhụrụ ndị a na-abawanye ụba nke ụgbọ ala ahụ, iji debe ya n'ime oke ruru tọn 36,5, nchebe ngwa agha ga-ebelata ntakịrị. A na-ebelata ọkpụkpụ nke ọkpụkpụ ihu ihu nke ala site na 100 ruo 80 mm, akụkụ - site na 80 ruo 70 mm, efere azụ - site na 45 ruo 30 mm. Akpa abụọ tankị "ihe 167" e mere na ọdịda nke 1961. Ha gafechara ụlọ ọrụ zuru oke nke mbụ wee nweta ule ubi na Kubinka. A kwadoro tank ahụ maka nkuchi, mana osote onye isi ala na-ahụ maka nchekwa Marshal V.I. Chuikov na osote onyeisi oche nke State Committee for Defence Technology S.N. Makhonin nyere ya ọkwa na-adịghị mma n'ozuzu ya. Karịsịa, a na-ahụta mfu nke mgbanwe na tankị T-55 na T-62 dị ka isi ihe ndọghachi azụ. N'ime ụlọ ọrụ Nizhny Tagil Design Bureau, a na-eji nkọcha a kpọrọ ihe wee nwaa imepụta ụgbọ ala nwere nnukwu chassis. Nke a bụ ka "ihe 166M" pụtara. Nke a igwe dị iche na Oghere Usoro T-62 tumadi na echichi nke V-36F engine na HP 640 ike. na mma nkwusioru. Ụgbọ ala ahụ gụnyere nkwado ise na rollers nkwado atọ n'ime ụgbọ. Ndị na-agba egwu egwu yiri ndị ejiri na "ihe 167" ahụ. N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na ọsọ nke ije mụbara ma e jiri ya tụnyere T-62, ule gosiri na ihe efu nke a version nke chassis. Uru nke imewe rola isii pụtara ìhè. Ma "ihe 167" ma ọ bụ "ihe 166M" ruru ọkwa nke "ihe 434" na enweghị ike iwere ya dị ka ihe zuru oke na tankị Kharkov. Naanị "ihe 167M" ma ọ bụ T-62B ghọrọ ụdị ọzọ. Ụlọ ọrụ Sayensị na nka nka nke kọmitii steeti maka ịlụ ọgụ megide agha ahụ tụlere ọrụ nke tank a na February 26, 1964. Ụgbọ ala ọhụrụ ahụ, nke L.N mara ọkwa. Kartsev dị ka modernization nke Oghere Usoro tank, dị nnọọ iche na T-62. O nwere ihe mkpuchi na turret nwere nchekwa ngwa agha jikọtara ọnụ nke amụma ihu, ihe “ihe 167” n'okpuru ụgbọ ala, egbe smoothbore 125-mm D-81 nwere ihe nkwụsi ike "Rain", ụdị carousel na-ebu akpaka, na B- 2 engine nwere ike nke 780 hp. nwere nnukwu chaja, radiators ka mma, ihe nzacha ikuku, mmanụ ọkụ na sistem mmanụ, yana nkeji mgbasa ozi siri ike. Otú ọ dị, nzukọ ahụ jụrụ ọrụ ahụ maka tank ọhụrụ. Otú o sina dị, ka ọ na-erule njedebe nke 1967, a nwalere na-anwale ọtụtụ akụkụ nke isi agha tank na Uralvagonzavod. N'otu n'ime tankị T-62, etinyere ma nwalee onye na-ebu akpaka (isiokwu "Acorn"), yana egbe 125mm. Igwe a nwetara aha n'ime ihe ọkụkụ T-62Zh. Ihe nlele mbụ nke tank "ihe 172" mere n'oge okpomọkụ nke 1968, nke abụọ - na September. Ha dị iche na tank T-64A na ngalaba agha ahazigharị kpamkpam, ebe ọ bụ na e ji ihe eji ebugharị akpaka nke igwe eletrik dochie igwe eletriki eletriki nke T-64 na ntinye nke Chelyabinsk V. - 45K engine. A na-ebufe ihe ndị ọzọ na mgbakọ ndị ọzọ site na tank Kharkov, ma ọ bụ kama, ha nọgidere n'ebe ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na "ihe 172" mbụ gbanwere "iri isii na anọ". Ka ọ na-erule ngwụsị nke afọ, tankị abụọ ahụ gafere usoro nyocha ụlọ ọrụ zuru oke na ịgba ọsọ na ala ọzụzụ nke mpaghara ndị agha Turkestan. Njirimara ike nke tankị ahụ dị oke elu: nkezi ọsọ n'okporo ụzọ awara awara bụ 43,4-48,7 km / h, nke kachasị ruru 65 km / h. tankị nwere ahụmahụ
Nwere ahụmahụ tank "ihe 172" 1968 Na-arụ ọrụ na tankị "ihe 172" (ngụkọta nke 20 nkeji e arụpụtara) nọgidere ruo mmalite nke February 1971. N'oge a, ihe mejupụtara na mgbakọ ndị e mepụtara na Nizhny Tagil ebutela n'ọkwa dị elu nke ntụkwasị obi. Ndị na-ebu akpaka nwere otu ọdịda maka okirikiri 448 loading, ya bụ, ntụkwasị obi ha dabara na nkezi ndụ nke egbe 125-mm D-81T (gburugburu 600 nwere ihe ngosi caliber na 150 nwere projectile sub-caliber). Naanị nsogbu nke "ihe 172" bụ enweghị ntụkwasị obi nke chassis "n'ihi ọdịda nhazi nke ndị na-ekpo ọkụ hydraulic shocks, wiil okporo ụzọ, pin na egwu, ihe mgbochi na ndị na-abaghị uru." Mgbe ahụ, na UVZ imewe bureau, nke kemgbe August 1969 bụ isi V.N. Venediktov, e kpebiri iji na "ihe 172" chassis si "ihe 167" na roba mkpuchi okporo ụzọ wiil nke ụba dayameta na ndị ọzọ dị ike egwu na-emeghe metal hinge, yiri egwu nke T-62 tank. . A na-eme mmepe nke tank dị otú ahụ n'okpuru aha "ihe 172M". Injin ahụ, kwalitere na 780 hp, nwetara akara B-46. E webatara usoro nhicha ikuku nke okpukpu abụọ, nke yiri nke ejiri na tank T-62. Uka nke "ihe 172M" mụbara ruo ton 41. Ma àgwà ndị dị ike nọgidere n'otu ọkwa ahụ n'ihi mmụba nke ike engine site na 80 hp, ikike tank mmanụ site na 100 lita na obosara nke 40 mm. Site na tank T-64A, ọ bụ naanị ihe eji arụ ọrụ egosipụtara nke ọma nke akụrụngwa agha na ngwa agha na nnyefe dị iche iche ka edobere. Site na Nọvemba 1970 ruo Eprel 1971, tankị "ihe 172M" gara n'usoro nyocha ụlọ ọrụ zuru oke na Mee 6, 1971 ewepụtara ndị minista nchekwa A.A. Grechko and the Defence Industry S.A. Zverev. Ka ọ na-erule mmalite nke oge okpomọkụ, e mepụtara ụgbọ ala mbụ nke 15, nke, yana tankị T-64A na T-80, gafere ọtụtụ ọnwa nke ule na 1972. Mgbe njedebe nke ule, a "Akụkọ na nsonaazụ nke agha ule nke 15 172 tank tank arụpụtara Uralvagonzavod na 1972" pụtara. "1. Ndị tankị ahụ gafere ule ahụ, ma ndụ egwu nke 4500-5000 km ezughị ezu ma ọ dịghị enye ihe dị mkpa tank agbara nke 6500-7000 km na-enweghị dochie egwu. 2. Tank 172M (oge ikike - 3000 km) na V-46 engine - (350 m / h) na-arụ ọrụ ntụkwasị obi. N'oge ule ndị ọzọ ruo 10000-11000 km, ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị mejupụtara na mgbakọ, gụnyere engine V-46, na-arụ ọrụ ntụkwasị obi, ma ọtụtụ ihe dị oké njọ na mgbakọ na-egosi ezughị oke na ntụkwasị obi. 3. A na-atụ aro tank maka ntinye n'ime ọrụ na mmepụta ihe dị ukwuu, n'okpuru mkpochapụ nke achọpụtara adịghị ike na nkwenye nke irè mkpochapụ ha tupu mmepụta oke. A ga-ekwenyerịrị oke na oge mmezi na nyocha n'etiti Ministry of Defense na Ministry of Defence Industry. " "Ihe 172M"
Ole tankị "ihe 172M" 1971 Site na mkpebi nke Central Committee nke CPSU na Council of Minister nke USSR nke August 7, 1973, "ihe 172M" nakweere ndị Soviet Army n'okpuru aha T-72 "Ural". Enyere iwu nke Minista Nchebe nke USSR na August 13, 1973. N'otu afọ ahụ, e mepụtara batch mbụ nke igwe 30. Azụ - Gaba >> |
• T-72 (1973) - isi ihe atụ;
Mana ndị a niile abụghị tankị serial. Na March 1963 na May 1964, e gosipụtara "ihe 432" maka ule steeti, ma ọ gafere ha. Naanị n'oge ọdịda nke 1966 ka ụlọ ọrụ steeti ahụ chere na ọ ga-ekwe omume itinye tank ahụ n'ọrụ n'okpuru aha T-64, bụ nke e mere site na mkpebi nke Kọmitii Central nke CPSU na Council nke Minista USSR nke December 30. , 1966. Ụgbọ ala 250 niile arụpụtara na 1964-1965 ka ewepụrụ afọ anọ ka e mesịrị.
Dị ka akụkụ nke ọgbara ọhụrụ nke tankị serial na UVZ Design Bureau n'okpuru nduzi nke L.N. Kartsev mepụtara ma rụpụta ihe atụ nke tank T-62 nwere egbe 125-mm D-81 na ihe nkwụnye akpaka ọhụrụ, nke a na-akpọ ụdị eriri. L.H. Kartsev na-akọwa ọrụ ndị a na echiche ya nke ịmara onye na-ebu akpaka nke tank T-64.
