Ntụleghachi nke Philippines 1944-1945

Ụgbọ mmiri ndị bu ndị agha na-erute n’ụsọ osimiri Leyte na Ọktoba 20, 1944. A họọrọ ụsọ oké osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ nke agwaetiti ahụ maka ọdịda, na ngalaba anọ nwere ozu abụọ, ndị sitere na US Army, rutere ozugbo na ya. Ndị agha mmiri, ewezuga ngalaba ogbunigwe, esoghị arụ ọrụ na Philippines.

Ọrụ ndị agha mmiri niile jikọrọ aka na Pacific bụ mkpọsa Philippine, nke dịgidere site n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ 1944 ruo n'oge ọkọchị 1945. Mfu anụ ahụ ha ma site n'echiche dị ùgwù na nke uche. Na mgbakwunye, a na-ebipụ Japan na isi akụ ya na Indonesia, Malaya na Indochina, ndị America nwetara ntọala siri ike maka mgbapụ ikpeazụ - gaa n'agwaetiti ndị Japan. Mgbasa ozi Philippine nke 1944-1945 bụ isi n'ọrụ Douglas MacArthur, onye America "kpakpando ise" izugbe, otu n'ime nnukwu ndị isi abụọ nke ụlọ ihe nkiri Pacific nke arụmọrụ.

Douglas MacArthur (1880–1962) gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nsọpụrụ site na West Point na 1903 wee kenye ya na Corps of Engineers. Ozugbo ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ gara Philippines, bụ ebe o wuru ụlọ agha. Ọ bụ ọchịagha nke ụlọ ọrụ injinia na Fort Leavenworth na United States wee soro nna ya (onye isi izugbe) gaa Japan, Indonesia na India na 1905-1906. N'afọ 1914, o sonyere na njem ntaramahụhụ ndị America na-aga n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Mexico nke Veracruz n'oge Mgbanwe Mexico. Enyere ya ihe nrite nke Sọpụrụ maka ihe omume ya na mpaghara Veracruz, n'oge na-adịghịkwa anya, a kwalitere ya ịbụ isi. O tinyere aka na ọgụ nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ dị ka onyeisi ndị ọrụ nke 42nd Infantry Division wee ruo n'ọkwa nke colonel. Site na 1919-1922 ọ bụ onye ọchịagha nke West Point Military Academy nwere ọkwa nke brigadier general. Na 1922, ọ laghachiri Philippines dị ka ọchịagha nke Manila Military District na emesia ọchịagha nke 23rd Infantry Brigade. Na 1925, ọ ghọrọ onye isi izugbe wee laghachi United States ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nke 1928th Corps na Atlanta, Georgia. Site na 1930 ruo 1932, ọ jere ozi ọzọ na Manila, Philippines, na mgbe ahụ—dị ka onye kasị nta n'akụkọ ihe mere eme—were ọnọdụ nke Onye isi ndị ọrụ nke US Army na Washington, gbagoro n'ọkwa nke ọchịagha kpakpando anọ. Kemgbe XNUMX, Major Dwight D. Eisenhower bụ onye enyemaka General MacArthur-de-camp.

Na 1935, mgbe oge MacArthur dị ka onye isi ndị ọrụ US Army kwụsịrị, Philippines nwetara nnwere onwe nke obere, n'agbanyeghị na ọ dabere na United States. Onye isi ala Philippine nke mbụ mgbe nnwere onwe gasịrị, Manuel L. Quezon, enyi nke nna nna Douglas MacArthur, bịakwutere nke ikpeazụ maka enyemaka ịhazi ndị agha Philippine. N'oge na-adịghị anya MacArthur rutere Philippines wee nata ọkwa nke Philippine marshal, ebe ọ ka bụ onye ọchịagha America. Na njedebe nke 1937, General Douglas MacArthur lara ezumike nká.

Na Julaị 1941, mgbe Onye isi ala Roosevelt kpọrọ ndị agha Philippines ka ha banye n'ọrụ gọọmentị etiti n'agbanyeghị egwu agha na Pacific, o nyefere MacArthur ka ọ rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye isi ọchịagha, na Disemba, a kwalitere ya n'ọkwa na-adịgide adịgide. izugbe. Ọrụ ọrụ MacArthur dị ka ọchịagha nke United States Army na Far East - United States Army Forces Far East (USAFFE).

Mgbe nchebe dị egwu nke Philippines na March 12, 1942, bọmbụ B-17 gbagoro MacArthur, nwunye ya na nwa ya nwoke, na ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ya na Australia. N'April 18, 1942, e mepụtara iwu ọhụrụ, Southwest Pacific, na General Douglas MacArthur ghọrọ ọchịagha ya. Ọ bụ ya na-ahụ maka ọrụ ndị agha jikọrọ aka (karịsịa ndị America) si Australia site na New Guinea, Philippines, Indonesia ruo n'ụsọ oké osimiri China. Ọ bụ otu n'ime iwu abụọ dị na Pacific; ọ bụ mpaghara nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke mpaghara ala, ya mere a na-edobe izugbe nke ndị agha ala n'isi nke iwu a. N'aka nke ya, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz bụ onye na-ahụ maka Central Pacific Command, nke mpaghara mmiri nwere obere obere agwaetiti na-achị. Ndị agha General MacArthur mere njem dị ogologo na isi ike banye New Guinea na agwaetiti Papua. N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 1944, mgbe Alaeze Ukwu Japan amalitelarị ịgbawa na seams, ajụjụ ahụ bilitere - gịnị ọzọ?

Atụmatụ Omume Ọdịnihu

N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 1944, o doro anya na onye ọ bụla na oge nke ikpeazụ mmeri nke Japan na-eru nso. N'ihe gbasara ọrụ nke General MacArthur, mbuso agha nke Philippines bu ụzọ zubere, na mgbe ahụ na Formosa (ugbu a Taiwan). A tụlekwara ohere nke ịwakpo ụsọ oké osimiri China nke ndị Japan bi na tupu ịwakpo agwaetiti ndị Japan.

N'oge a, mkparịta ụka bilitere banyere ma ọ ga-ekwe omume ịgafe Philippines wee wakpo Formosa ozugbo dị ka ebe kwesịrị ekwesị isi na-ebuso Japan agha. Adm gbachitere nhọrọ a. Ernest King, Chief of Naval Operations na Washington (ya bụ, de facto Commander-in-Chief of the US Navy) na - na ọnọdụ - nakwa General George C. Marshall, Chief of Staff nke US Army. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ndị ọchịagha na Pacific, karịsịa General MacArthur na ndị nọ n'okpuru ya, kwenyere na ịwakpo Philippines bụ ihe a na-apụghị izere ezere-n'ihi ọtụtụ ihe kpatara ya. Adm. Nimitz dabere na ọhụụ General MacArthur kama Washington. Enwere ọtụtụ atụmatụ atụmatụ, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ihe ùgwù maka nke a, na n'ihe banyere General MacArthur, e nwekwara ebubo (ọ bụghị n'enweghị ihe kpatara ya) na ọ bụ ebumnobi onwe ya kpaliri ya; Philippines fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ebe obibi ya nke abụọ.