Ọgwụ nke narị afọ - akụkụ 1
Naanị salicylic acid bụ ọgwụ kwesịrị ekwesị. Na 1838, onye Italian chemist Raffaele Piria o nwetara ogige a n'ụdị ya dị ọcha, na na 1874 onye German chemist Herman Kolbe mepụtara usoro maka mmepụta ụlọ ọrụ ya.
N'otu oge ahụ, a na-eji salicylic acid mee ihe na nkà mmụta ọgwụ. Otú ọ dị, ọgwụ ahụ nwere mmetụta mgbakasị siri ike na mucosa gastric, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala na ọnya afọ. Ọ bụ mmetụta dị n'akụkụ ịṅụ ọgwụ salicylic acid kpatara onye German chemist Felix Hoffmann (1848-1946) ịchọta ihe nchekwa nchekwa maka ọgwụ (a na-agwọ nna Hoffmann na salicylic acid n'ihi ọrịa rheumatic). "Apple" kwesịrị ịnata usoro ya - Acetylsalicylic acid.
Emebere ogige ahụ site na esterification nke otu OH nke salicylic acid na acetic anhydride. A nwetara Acetylsalicylic acid na mbụ, mana naanị nkwadebe dị ọcha nke Hoffmann nwetara na 1897 dabara adaba maka ojiji ahụike.
Ụdị nke salicylic acid (n'aka ekpe) na acetylsalicylic acid (n'aka nri).
Onye na-emepụta ọgwụ ọhụrụ ahụ bụ obere ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-emepụta ihe nkedo, Bayer, nke taa bụ nchegbu zuru ụwa ọnụ. A na-akpọ ọgwụ ahụ aspirin. Nke a bụ ụghalaahịa edenyere n'akwụkwọ ®, mana ọ bụrụla otu ọgwụ nwere acetylsalicylic acid (ya mere, abbreviation ASA na-ejikarị). Aha si na okwu ndia"acetyl“(akwụkwọ ozi a-) na (ugbu a), ya bụ, meadowsweet bụ ahịhịa ndụ nwere nnukwu ọdịnaya nke salicin, nke a na-ejikwa na ọgwụ herbal dị ka antipyretic. Ọgwụgwụ-in bụ ụdị aha ọgwụ.
Emebere aspirin na 1899 ma ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ozugbo a na-eto ya dị ka ezigbo panacea. [ngwugwu] Ọ lụsoro ahụ ọkụ, mgbu na mbufụt. A na-eji ya eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'oge ọrịa na-efe efe na-efe efe nke Spanish flu, nke gburu na 1918-1919 ọtụtụ ndụ karịa Agha Ụwa Mbụ kwụsịrị. Aspirin bụ otu n'ime ọgwụ ndị mbụ a na-ere dị ka mbadamba ụrọ na-agbaze mmiri (agwakọta ya na starch). Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, a hụrụ mmetụta bara uru ọ na-akpata n'igbochi ọrịa obi.
N'agbanyeghị ọnụnọ ọ nọ n'ahịa ihe karịrị otu narị afọ, a ka na-eji aspirin eme ihe na ọgwụ. Ọ bụkwa ọgwụ a na-emepụta n'ọtụtụ buru ibu (ndị mmadụ na-eri ihe karịrị tọn 35 nke ihe dị ọcha kwa ụbọchị n'ụwa nile!) na ọgwụ ọgwụgwọ mbụ na-emepụta kpamkpam na synthetically, ọ bụghị dịpụrụ adịpụ na ihe ndị sitere n'okike.
Salicylic acid na ụlọ nyocha anyị
Oge ichegbu onwe gị.
Nke mbụ, ka anyị mụta banyere nzaghachi njirimara nke aspirin protoplasty - nnu nnu. Ị ga-achọ mmanya salicylic (ọgwụ nje a na-ere na ụlọ ahịa ọgwụ na ụlọ ahịa ọgwụ, 2% mmiri ethanol ngwọta nke salicylic acid) na ngwọta nke ígwè (III) chloride FeCl.3 na ntinye nke ihe dịka 5%. Wunye 1 cm n'ime tube ule.3 mmanya salicylic, gbakwunye cm ole na ole3 mmiri na 1 cm.3 FeCl ngwọta3. Ngwakọta ahụ ozugbo na-atụgharị odo odo-acha anụnụ anụnụ. Nke a bụ nsonaazụ mmeghachi omume n'etiti salicylic acid na iron (III) ion:
Aspirin kemgbe 1899 (sitere na ebe nchekwa Bayer AG)
Agba dị ntakịrị na-echetara ink, nke na-ekwesịghị ịbụ ihe ijuanya - ink (dị ka a na-akpọ ink n'oge gara aga) sitere na nnu ígwè na ogige ndị yiri ya na salicylic acid. Mmeghachi omume emere bụ nyocha nyocha maka nchọpụta Fe ion.3+ma n'otu oge ahụ na-eje ozi iji kwado ọnụnọ nke phenols, ya bụ ogige nke otu OH na-ejikọta ya na mgbanaka aromatic. Otu a nke ogige gụnyere salicylic acid. Ka anyị cheta mmeghachi omume a nke ọma - àgwà violet-acha anụnụ anụnụ mgbe mgbakwunye ígwè (III) chloride ga-egosi ọnụnọ nke salicylic acid (phenols n'ozuzu) na nlele ule.
Enwere ike iji ule emere gosi ka o si arụ ọrụ. ink mara mma. N'elu mpempe akwụkwọ na-acha ọcha, jiri brush (nkịta ezé, egwuregwu a kapịrị ọnụ, swab owu na akwa akwa akwa, wdg) iji mee ederede ọ bụla ma ọ bụ imewe ya na mmanya salicylic, wee kpoo mpempe akwụkwọ ahụ. Jiri ihe ngwọta FeCl tinye bọọlụ owu ma ọ bụ bọọlụ owu.3 (ihe ngwọta na-emebi akpụkpọ ahụ, ya mere achọrọ mkpuchi mkpuchi roba) ma jiri akwụkwọ hichaa ya. Ị nwekwara ike iji ihe na-agba osisi ma ọ bụ karama mmiri maka ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ na ihe ịchọ mma iji mee ka akwụkwọ ahụ dị nro. Akwụkwọ ozi Purple-acha anụnụ anụnụ nke ederede edere na mbụ pụtara na mpempe akwụkwọ ahụ. [ink] Ka anyị na-echetara gị na iji nweta mmetụta dị egwu n'ụdị ọdịdị ederede na mberede, isi ihe bụ ihe na-adịghị ahụ anya nke ederede akwadoro. Ọ bụ ya mere anyị ji dee na mpempe akwụkwọ na-acha ọcha na ngwọta na-enweghị agba, mgbe ha na-acha, anyị na-ahọrọ agba nke akwụkwọ ahụ ka ihe odide ahụ ghara ịpụ iche na ndabere (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na mpempe akwụkwọ edo edo ị nwere ike dee ngwọta FeCl.3 ma kpọọ ya na mmanya salicylic). Ihe ndetu ahụ na-emetụta ihe osise ọmịiko niile, ma enwere ọtụtụ njikọ na-enye mmetụta nke mmeghachi omume mara mma.
N'ikpeazụ, acetylsalicylic acid
Nnwale ụlọ nyocha mbụ dị n'azụ anyị, mana anyị enwetabeghị dike nke ederede taa - acetylsalicylic acid. Agbanyeghị, anyị agaghị enweta ya n'onwe anyị, mana ewepụtara na ngwaahịa emechara. Ihe kpatara ya bụ njikọ dị mfe (reagents - salicylic acid, acetic anhydride, ethanol, H).2SO4 ma ọ bụ X.3PO4), mana akụrụngwa dị mkpa (flasks iko ala, reflux condenser, temometa, ngwa filtration vacuum) na nchekwa nchekwa. Acetic anhydride bụ mmiri mmiri na-agbakasị ahụ nke ukwuu ma na-achịkwa nnweta ya - ọ bụ ihe a na-akpọ precursor ọgwụ.
Na-akpọ ederede zoro ezo nke ejiri salicylic acid mee ihe na ngwọta nke ígwè (III) chloride
Ị ga-achọ ihe ngwọta ethanol 95% (dị ka mmanya na-egbu egbu), flask (n'ụlọ nke a nwere ike iji ite dochie ya), ebe a na-asa mmiri (otu efere mmiri dị mfe nke a na-etinye na cheesecloth), ihe nzacha (nyocha). funnel, filter) na n'ezie mbadamba aspirin. Tinye mbadamba 2-3 nke ọgwụ nwere acetylsalicylic acid n'ime ite (lelee ihe mejupụtara ọgwụ ahụ, ejirila ọgwụ na-agbaze na mmiri) wee wụsa 10-15 cm.3 mmanya na-egbu egbu. Kpoo ite ahụ n'ime mmiri ịsa mmiri ruo mgbe mbadamba nkume ndị ahụ gbasasịa kpamkpam (tinye akwa nhicha akwụkwọ na ala nke ite ahụ ka ọ ghara imebi flask ahụ). N'oge a, ajụkwa ihe ole na ole nke iri cm na refrjiraeto3 mmiri. A na-etinyekwa ihe enyemaka nke ọgwụ (starch, fiber, talc, ihe na-eme ka uto uto) na ngwakọta nke mbadamba aspirin. Ha anaghị agbaze na ethanol, mana acetylsalicylic acid na-agbaze na ya. Mgbe kpochara, a na-enyocha mmiri mmiri ngwa ngwa n'ime ite ọhụrụ. Ugbu a, anyị na-agbakwunye mmiri jụrụ oyi, nke na-eme ka kristal acetylsalicylic acid na-etolite (na 25 Celsius C, ihe dị ka 100 g nke ngwakọta na-agbaze na 5 g ethanol, na-enwe naanị 0,25 g nke otu mmiri). Wepu kristal ahụ ma kpoo ha. Cheta na ihe na-esi na ya pụta adịghị mma maka iji ọgwụ eme ihe - anyị na-eji ethanol emetọ emetọ wepụ ya, ihe ahụ, na-enweghị ihe nchebe, nwere ike ịmalite ire ere. Anyị na-eji mmekọrịta naanị maka ahụmịhe anyị.
Ọ bụrụ na ịchọghị wepụ acetylsalicylic acid na mbadamba nkume, ị nwere ike igbari ọgwụ ahụ na ngwakọta nke ethanol na mmiri ma jiri nkwusioru na-enweghị atụ (anyị na-emecha usoro ahụ site na kpo oku na mmiri ịsa ahụ). Maka ebumnuche anyị, ụdị reagent a ga-ezuru ya. Ugbu a, m na-atụ aro ka a na-emeso ngwọta acetylsalicylic acid na ngwọta FeCl.3 (dị ka nnwale nke mbụ).
Ị chetụlarị, onye na-agụ ihe, gịnị kpatara i ji nweta mmetụta dị otú ahụ?
