Ndị tankị nyocha TK na TKS
TK-3 tankị nyocha (wedges) nke ndị agha Polish n'oge emume emume n'oge ezumike mba.
Na mkpokọta, na September 1939, ihe dị ka 500 TK-3 na TKS tankettes gara n'ihu na akụkụ nke Polish Army. Dị ka ndepụta akụrụngwa gọọmentị si kwuo, tankị nyocha TKS bụ ụgbọ ala kachasị dị ka tankị na ndị agha Polish. Agbanyeghị, nke a bụ ntakịrị ikwubiga okwu ókè n'ihi ngwa agha na ngwa agha adịghị mma.
Na July 28, 1925, n'ala ọzụzụ dị na Rembertow dị nso na Warsaw, ndị ọrụ nke Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ngwá Agha nke Engineering Supply Department of War Ministry (MSVojsk) mere ngosi ngosi, Iwu Armored Armament Command of the War Ministry. na ụgbọ ala mgbanaka ọkụ nke ụlọ ọrụ nyocha ndị agha nke Injinia Carden-Loyd Mark VI nwere ozu mepere emepe nke ụlọ ọrụ Britain Vickers Armstrong Ltd., ji egbe igwe dị arọ. Ụgbọ ala ahụ, nke nwere ndị ọrụ mmadụ abụọ, ji ụgbọ ala gafere n'ebe ahụ na-adịghị mma, na-emeri ihe mgbochi waya, yana ọwa mmiri na ugwu nta. O mere nnwale nke ọsọ na imegharị ihe, yana akara akara na egbe igwe. E mesiri ike "ịdịte aka" nke egwu egwu, nke nwere ike ịga ihe ruru kilomita 3700.
Nsonaazụ dị mma sitere na nnwale ubi dugara n'ịzụta igwe iri dị otú ahụ na UK wee nweta ikike maka nrụpụta ha na njedebe nke afọ. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi adịghị mma imewe na teknuzu parameters nke Carden-Loyd Mk VI, ọ bụ nanị abụọ n'ime ụgbọ ala ndị a (nke a na-akpọ "X" variant) ka e wuru na State Engineering Works na Warsaw na ụgbọ ala agha dị ka Carden. -Loyd e mepụtara na emesia mepụta, ma e mechiri n'ihi na ugwu na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ dị elu - tankị nyocha ama ama (wedges) TK na TKS.
Ejiri ụgbọ ala Carden-Loyd Mk VI mee ihe na ndị agha Polish dị ka nnwale na akụrụngwa ọzụzụ. Na Julaị 1936, a ka nwere ụgbọ ala iri nke ụdị a fọdụrụ n'ime ndị agha agha, e zubere maka ebumnuche ọzụzụ.
N'afọ 1930, e mepụtara ụdị mbụ nke wedges ọhụrụ Polish, nke a na-akpọ TK-1 na TK-2, ma mee nyocha nke ọma. Mgbe nnwale ndị a gasịrị, mmepụta nke igwe malitere na 1931, nke akpọrọ TK-3. Mgbanwe nke ndị injinia Poland mere mere ka igwe a dị elu karịa ihe bụ isi nke Carden-Loyd Mk VI. Ndị agha Poland nakweere TK-3 wedge - nke a na-akpọ " tankị nyocha " na aha ndị agha - n'oge okpomọkụ nke 1931.
TK-3 wedge nwere ngụkọta ogologo nke 2580 mm, obosara nke 1780 mm na elu nke 1320 mm. Mwepu nke ala bụ 300 mm. Ibu ụgbọ ala bụ tọn 2,43 obosara nke egwu a na-eji bụ 140 mm. Ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ nwere mmadụ abụọ: onye ọchịagha na-anọdụ ala n'aka nri na onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala ọdụ n'aka ekpe.
A na-eme z site na mpempe akwụkwọ emelitere nke ọma. Ọkpụrụkpụ dị n'ihu sitere na 6 ruo 8 mm, na azụ otu. Ihe agha dị n'akụkụ nwere ọkpụrụkpụ nke 8 mm, ihe agha elu na ala - site na 3 ruo 4 mm.
TK-3 wedge nwere engine nke Ford A carburetor 4-stroke nwere nchụpụ nke 3285 cm³ yana ike 40 hp. na 2200 rpm. Ekele ya, na ezigbo ọnọdụ, TK-3 wedge nwere ike iru ọsọ nke 46 km / h. Otú ọ dị, ọsọ bara uru n'okporo ụzọ unyi bụ ihe dịka 30 km / h, na n'okporo ụzọ ubi - 20 km / h. N'elu ala dị larịị ma dịtụ larịị, wedge ahụ mepụtara ọsọ nke 18 km / h, na ugwu ugwu na oke ohia - 12 km / h. Mmanụ ụgbọala tank nwere ikike nke 60 lita, nke na-enye ihe dị ka kilomita 200 n'okporo ụzọ na 100 km n'ọhịa.
TK-3 nwere ike imeri ugwu nke nwere mkpọda jikọtara nke ọma na steepụ ruru 42 Celsius, yana olulu ruo 1 m n'obosara n'ihu ihe mgbochi mmiri, wedge nwere ike imeri ngwa ngwa na omimi nke 40 cm (ọ bụrụhaala na ala ahụ siri ike). Mgbe ị na-anya ngwa ngwa, ọ ga-ekwe omume ịfefe ụgbọ mmiri ruo 70 cm miri emi, mana ekwesịrị ịkpachara anya iji hụ na mmiri esighị n'ụlọ ndị na-agbapụta agbapụta wee jupụta injin ahụ. Osisi ahụ na-ebugharị nke ọma site na bushes na osisi ndị na-eto eto - ogwe ndị nwere dayameta nke ruru 10 cm, ụgbọ ala ahụ tụgharịrị ma ọ bụ daa. Ogwe ịgha ụgha nke nwere dayameta nke 50 cm nwere ike ịghọ ihe mgbochi a na-apụghị imeri emeri. Ụgbọ ala ahụ nagidere nke ọma na mkpọmkpọ ebe - a na-agbanye ndị dị ala n'ime ala site na tankị na-agafe agafe, ndị dị elu na-ebibikwa ya. Oghere ntụgharị nke wedge agaghị agafe 2,4 m, na nrụgide a kapịrị ọnụ bụ 0,56 kg / cm².
Akụrụngwa arụpụtara nke TK-3 bụ egbe igwe dị arọ wz. 25 na mgboagha, 1800 okirikiri (igbe iri na ise nke 15 agba na belt). Ụgbọ ala TK-120 nwere ike ịgba ọkụ n'ụzọ dị irè mgbe ọ na-esi n'ebe dị anya na-aga ruo 3 m. Mgbe a kwụsịrị, ọnụ ọgụgụ dị irè nke ogbugba ahụ mụbara ruo 200 m na mgbakwunye, ụfọdụ n'ime ụgbọ ala bu Browning wz machine gun. 500. N'akụkụ aka nri nke TK-28 wedge e nwere ihe mgbochi ụgbọ elu, nke nwere ike tinye dị ka wz arọ igwe egbe. 3, yana egbe ọkụ wz. 25. nhata
Mgbe mmepụta usoro nke isi ụdị nke TK-3, nke dịruru ruo 1933 na mgbe e wuru ihe dị ka ụgbọ ala 300, e mere ọmụmụ nke nsụgharị nsụgharị. Dịka akụkụ nke mmemme ndị a, e mepụtara ụdị prototype:
TKW - ụgbọ ala nwere turret na-atụgharị maka egbe igwe,
TK-D - egbe ọkụ nke onwe ya nwere egbe 47-mm, na ụdị nke abụọ nwere egbe Puteaux 37mm,
TK-3 bụ ụgbọ ala nke nwere egbe igwe kachasị dị 20 mm.
TKF bụ ụgbọ ala emelitere nke nwere injin Fiat 122B (nke sitere na gwongworo Fiat 621), kama ụgbọ ala Ford A dị iche iche wuru na 1933.
Ahụmahụ ọrụ ọgụ nke TK-3 wedges ekpughere ezigbo ohere maka mgbanwe ndị ọzọ nke ga-emetụta arụmọrụ nke ụgbọ ala a nke ọma. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, na 1932, Poland bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwekọrịta maka mmepụta ikike nke ụgbọ ala Fiat, nke na-enye ohere iji akụkụ ndị Ịtali na ihe ndị dị na ya mee ihe mgbe ị na-emezi ikiri ụkwụ wedge. Emere mgbalị mbụ nke ụdị a na ụdị TKF, dochie ọkọlọtọ Ford A engine na engine Fiat 6B dị ike karị na-emepụta 122 hp. site na gwongworo Fiat 621 gbakwunyere mkpa ọ dị ịkwalite nnyefe na nkwusioru.
Nsonaazụ nke ọrụ nke ndị na-emepụta nke State Bureau of Research of Machine-Building Plants bụ ihe e kere eke nke TKS wedge a gbanwere nke ukwuu, bụ nke dochie TK-3. Mgbanwe ndị ahụ metụtara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụgbọ ala dum - chassis, nnyefe na ahụ - na ndị bụ isi bụ: imezi ngwa agha site n'ịgbanwe ọdịdị ya na ịba ụba ya; ntinye nke egbe igwe na niche pụrụ iche na yok okirikiri, nke na-amụba ọkụ ọkụ na ụgbọ elu kwụ ọtọ; ntinye nke periscope ntụgharị nke Ing mere. Gundlach, ekele nke ọchịagha ahụ nwere ike nyochaa ihe na-eme n'èzí ụgbọ ala; iwebata nke ọhụrụ Fiat 122B (PZInż. 367) engine na ike ka ukwuu; na-ewusi ihe nkwusioru ike na iji egwu sara mbara; na-agbanwe nrụnye eletrik. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi mgbanwe mgbanwe, arọ nke ụgbọala na-abawanye site na 220 n'arọ, nke na-emetụta ụfọdụ traction parameters. Serial mmepụta nke TKS wedge malitere na 1934 wee gaa n'ihu ruo 1936. A rụrụ ihe dị ka igwe 280 n'ime igwe ndị a mgbe ahụ.
Na ndabere nke TKS, e mekwara traktọ ogbunigwe S2R, nke ewepụtara na 1937-1939. N'ime oge a, e wuru ihe dị ka ụgbọ ala 200 nke ụdị a. Traktọ C2P dị ihe dịka 50 cm ogologo karịa wedge. E mere ọtụtụ obere mgbanwe na nhazi ya. Emebere ụgbọ ala a ka ọ dọkpụrụ 40mm wz. 36, mgbochi tank egbe caliber 36 mm wz. 36 na ụgbọala ụgbọala na-adọkpụ.
N'otu oge na mmepe nke mmepụta, TKS reconnaissance tank malitere ịgụnye na ngwá ọrụ nke reconnaissance nkeji nke armored nkeji nke Polish Army. A rụkwara ọrụ na ụdị nke ewepụtara. Isi ihe a na-elekwasị anya n'ọrụ a bụ ịkwalite ike ọkụ nke tankettes, n'ihi ya, mgbalị ndị a na-eme iji were egbe 37 mm ma ọ bụ egbe igwe dị 20 mm dị arọ. Ojiji nke ikpeazụ nyere nsonaazụ dị mma na ihe dị ka ụgbọ ala 20-25 na-eji ụdị ngwá agha a. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ụgbọ ala a na-eme atụmatụ echere kwesịrị ibu ibu, mana mwakpo German megide Poland gbochiri mmezu nke ebumnuche a.
E mepụtakwara akụrụngwa pụrụ iche maka wedges TKS na Poland, gụnyere: ụgbọala na-adọkpụ na-esochi ụwa niile, ụgbọala na-adọkpụ nke nwere ọdụ redio, chassis “ụgbọ njem okporo ụzọ” nwere ụkwụ na ọdụ ụgbọ oloko maka iji ụgbọ oloko agha. Ngwa abụọ ikpeazụ kwesịrị inye aka kwalite mmegharị nke wedges n'okporo ụzọ awara awara na ụgbọ oloko. N'okwu abụọ ahụ, mgbe wedge batara na chassis nyere, a na-eme ụgbọala nke otu dị otú ahụ site na wedge engine site na ngwaọrụ pụrụ iche.
Na September 1939, ihe dị ka 500 TK-3 na TKS tankettes (squadrons armored, iche iche tankị tankị na armored platoons na nkwado na armored ụgbọ oloko) gara n'ihu dị ka akụkụ nke Polish Army.
N'August na Septemba 1939, ndị agha na-ebu agha chịkọtara nkeji ndị a nwere tankette TK-3:
Ndị agha 1st Armored Battalion chịkọtara:
Reconnaissance Tank Squadron No. 71 ka ekenyere 71st Armored Squadron nke Wielkopolska Cavalry Brigade (Ar-
mia "Poznan")
E kenyere ụlọ ọrụ nyocha nke 71 dị iche iche na 14th Infantry Division (Army "Poznan"),
E kenyere 72nd iche iche Reconnaissance Tank Company na 17th Infantry Division, emesia nọ n'okpuru 26th Infantry Division (Army "Poznan");
Ndị agha 2st Armored Battalion chịkọtara:
Enyere ụlọ ọrụ nyocha nke 101st iche na 10th Cavalry Brigade (Krakow Army),
E kenyere squadron tankị nyocha na squadron nyocha nke 10th Cavalry Brigade (Army "Krakow");
Ndị agha 4st Armored Battalion chịkọtara:
Reconnaissance Tank Squadron No. 91 e kenyere 91st Armored Squadron nke Novogrudok Cavalry Brigade (Modlin Army),
Enyere ụlọ ọrụ nyocha nke 91st dị iche iche na Ngalaba Infantry 10 (Lodz Army),
92nd iche iche tank ụlọ ọrụ
A na-ekenyekwa nyocha na 10th Infantry Division (Army "Lodz");
Ndị agha 5st Armored Battalion chịkọtara:
Squadron Tank Reconnaissance
51 ekenyere 51st Armored Squadron nke Krakow Cavalry Brigade (Ar-
mia "Krakow")
Ụlọ ọrụ nyocha nke 51st dị iche iche jikọtara ya na 21st Mountain Rifle Division (Krakow Army),
52. Ụlọ ọrụ tankị nyocha dị iche iche, akụkụ nke otu ọrụ "Slęsk" (Army "Krakow");
Ndị agha 8st Armored Battalion chịkọtara:
Squadron Tank Reconnaissance
81 ekenyere 81st Pan Squadron.
Ndị agha ndị agha Pomeranian (Ndị agha nke Pomerania),
A na-ekenye ụlọ ọrụ nyocha nke 81st iche na 15th Infantry Division (Army of Pomerania),
82nd iche iche reconnaissance tank ụlọ ọrụ dị ka akụkụ nke 26th Infantry Division (Army "Poznan");
Ndị agha 10st Armored Battalion chịkọtara:
Enyere ụlọ ọrụ nyocha nke 41st dị iche iche na Ngalaba Infantry 30 (Lodz Army),
Enyere ụlọ ọrụ nyocha nke 42 dị iche iche na Kresovka Cavalry Brigade (Lodz Army).
Na mgbakwunye, Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọzụzụ Armored na Modlin chịkọtara nkeji ndị a:
Enyere Squadron Tank Reconnaissance nke 11 na 11th Armored Squadron nke Masovia Cavalry Brigade (Modlin Army),
Reconnaissance tank ụlọ ọrụ nke Warsaw Defense Command.
Ụlọ ọrụ niile na ndị agha niile achịkọtara nwere ụgbọ mmiri iri na atọ. Ewezuga bụ ụlọ ọrụ e kenyere na Warsaw Defense Command, ebe enwere ụgbọ ala iri na otu nke ụdị a.
Agbanyeghị, gbasara TKS wedges:
Ndị agha 6st Armored Battalion chịkọtara:
Reconnaissance Tank Squadron No. 61 ka ekenyere 61st Armored Squadron nke Border Cavalry Brigade (Lodz Army),
Reconnaissance Tank Squadron No. 62 e kenyere 62nd Armored Squadron nke Podolsk Cavalry Brigade (Army).
"Poznan")
Enyere ụlọ ọrụ nyocha nke 61st iche na 1st Mountain Rifle Brigade (Krakow Army),
Ụlọ ọrụ nyocha nke 62 dị iche iche, jikọtara ya na 20th Infantry Division (Modlin Army),
Ụlọ ọrụ nyocha nke 63 dị iche iche na-ejikọta na 8th Infantry Division (Modlin Army);
Ndị agha 7st Armored Battalion chịkọtara:
Enyere Squadron Tank Reconnaissance nke 31st na 31st Armored Squadron nke Suwałki Cavalry Brigade (Separate Task Force "Narev"),
Enyere 32nd Reconnaissance Tank Squadron na 32nd Armored Squadron nke Podlaska Cavalry Brigade (iche iche Task Force "Narev"),
Enyere Squadron Tank Reconnaissance nke 33 na 33rd Armored Squadron nke Vilnius Cavalry Brigade.
(Ndị agha nke "Prussia"),
E kenyere ụlọ ọrụ nyocha nke 31 dị iche iche na 25th Infantry Division (Army "Poznan"),
32nd iche iche reconnaissance tank ụlọ ọrụ dị ka akụkụ nke 10 Infantry Division (Lodz Army);
Ndị agha 12st Armored Battalion chịkọtara:
21st Reconnaissance Tank Squadron dị ka akụkụ nke 21st Armored Squadron nke Volyn Cavalry Brigade.
(Ndị agha "Lodz").
Na mgbakwunye, Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọzụzụ Armored na Modlin chịkọtara nkeji ndị a:
11th Reconnaissance Tank Company kenyere Warsaw Armored Brigade
ọ bụ onye ndu)
Ndị agha tankị nyocha nke Warsaw Armored Brigade.
Ndị otu niile agbakọtara ọnụ, ụlọ ọrụ na ndị otu squadron nwere ụgbọ mmiri iri na atọ.
Na mgbakwunye, 1st Armored Train Squadron si Legionowo na 1st Armored Train Squadron si Niepołomice chịkọtara wedges iji wetuo ụgbọ oloko ndị agha.
Atụmatụ ojiji nke wedges na Polish mgbasa ozi nke 1939 dịgasị iche iche, mgbe mgbe nnọọ nke onwe, nke na-agbakwụnye ntakịrị na substantive ihe ọmụma banyere ụgbọ ala a. Ọ bụrụ na e nyere ha ọrụ ndị e ji kee ha (ọgụgụ isi, nyocha, wdg), mgbe ahụ, ha rụrụ ezigbo ọrụ. Ọ ka njọ mgbe obere olulu mmiri na-aghaghị ịbanye n'agha a na-atụghị anya ya n'aka ha. N'oge ahụ, ha na-ata ahụhụ site n'ike nke ndị iro 10 mm obere ihe mgbochi na mgbọ German, ọ bụghị ịkọ egbe egbe. Ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, karịsịa mgbe, n'ihi enweghị ụgbọ ala ndị ọzọ eji agha, tankette TKS ga-akwado ndị agha agha.
Mgbe agha September nke 1939 gasịrị, ndị Germany weghaara ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke tanket na-eje ozi. A na-ebufe ọtụtụ n'ime ụgbọ ala ndị a na ngalaba ndị uwe ojii German (na ndị ọrụ nchekwa ndị ọzọ) ma zigara ndị agha nke ndị mmekọ Germany. Iwu German weere ngwa abụọ a dị ka ọrụ nke abụọ.
Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, ruo afọ 3 gara aga, ọ dịghị otu tankị nyocha TK-2, TKS ma ọ bụ SXNUMXP artillery traktọ na ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie Polish. Kemgbe mmalite nke nineties, ụgbọ ala ndị a malitere ịbịa obodo anyị n'ụzọ dị iche iche, site n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa. Taa, ọtụtụ n'ime ụgbọ ala ndị a bụ nke ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie steeti na ndị na-anakọta onwe.
Afọ ole na ole gara aga, e mekwara ezigbo oyiri nke Polish TKS wedge. Onye okike ya bụ Zbigniew Nowosielski, a na-ahụkwa ụgbọ ahụ na-agagharị kwa afọ n'ọtụtụ ihe omume mere eme. Ajụrụ m Zbigniew Nowosielski ka esi mụọ echiche maka igwe a na otu esi emepụta ya (akụkọ ezitere na Jenụwarị 2015):
Afọ isii gara aga, mgbe ọtụtụ ọnwa nke ọrụ na nwughari nke engine na nnyefe, TKS tankette hapụrụ ya "ala nna tank factory na Ptaki" n'okpuru ya ike (weghachiri eweghachi na Sweden n'ihi mgbalị nke ndị agha Polish). . Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka na Warsaw).
Mmasị m nwere maka ngwá agha ndị Poland e ji agha agha sitere n'akụkọ nna m, bụ́ onyeisi ndị agha. Henryk Nowosielski, onye sitere na 1937-1939 buru ụzọ jee ozi na 4th Armored Battalion na Brzeste wee na 91st Armored Squadron n'okpuru iwu nke isi. Antoni Sliwinski lụrụ agha nchebe nke 1939.
N'afọ 2005, nna m Henryk Nowosielski kpọrọ ndị nlekọta nke Polish Army Museum ka ha rụkọọ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ maka nrụgharị nke ihe agha na akụrụngwa nke tank TKS. E gosipụtara nsonaazụ nke ọrụ a rụrụ na ZM URSUS (ndị otu ahụ bụ injinia Stanislav Michalak) gosipụtara na ngosi Kielce Arms (August 30, 2005). N'ebe ngosi a, n'oge nnọkọ ogbako, ekwuru m nkwupụta banyere iweghachi engine na iweta tankị TKS na ọnọdụ ọrụ zuru oke.
N'ihi nkwado ihe atụ nke ndị ọkachamara ihe ngosi nka, obiọma nke ndị ọrụ nyocha sitere na ngalaba SiMR nke Mahadum Teknụzụ Warsaw na nraranye nke ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ, eweghachiwo ikiri ụkwụ ahụ n'ebube mbụ ya.
Mgbe ngosi ngosi nke ụgbọ ala ahụ na November 10, 2007, n'oge ememe Ụbọchị nnwere onwe, a kpọrọ m òkù na Kọmitii nhazi nke 1935 National Scientific Symposium nke isiokwu ya bụ "Historical Development of Vehicle Design" na SIMR Faculty of Warsaw University of Technology. . Na Symposium, m nyere nkuzi isiokwu ya bụ "Nkọwa nke usoro nkà na ụzụ nke nwughari nke engine, usoro ụgbọala, ụgbọala, nkwusioru, steering na braking system, yana akụrụngwa engine na ihe ndị dị n'ime ụlọ nke TKS tank (XNUMX)."
Kemgbe 2005, elekọtawo m ọrụ niile akọwara n'isiokwu ahụ, tinye aka n'inweta akụkụ ndị na-efu efu, na ịnakọta akwụkwọ. N'ihi anwansi nke ịntanetị, ndị otu m nwere ike ịzụta ọtụtụ akụkụ ụgbọ ala mbụ. Ndị otu ahụ niile na-arụ ọrụ na nkwadebe nke akwụkwọ nkà na ụzụ. Anyị jisiri ike nweta ọtụtụ mbipụta akwụkwọ mbụ nke tank ahụ, hazie ya ma chọpụta akụkụ ndị na-efu efu. Mgbe m ghọtara na akwụkwọ ndị anakọtara (eserese mgbakọ, foto, sket, ndebiri, eserese ndị e wuru) ga-eme ka m chịkọta ụgbọ ala ahụ dum, ekpebiri m ime otu ọrụ a na-akpọ "Iji n'iji engineer reverse mepụta otu TKS wedge. "
Ntinye aka nke onye isi nke Bureau of Reconstruction and Technology of Historical Automotive Manufacturing, Eng. Rafal Krajewski na nkà ya n'iji ngwá ọrụ injinia na-agbanwe agbanwe, yana ọtụtụ afọ m nke ahụmahụ na ogbako ahụ, mere ka e mepụta otu ihe pụrụ iche, nke, na-etinye n'akụkụ nke mbụ, ga-emegharị onye nyocha na ndị na-achọ azịza. na ajụjụ. ajụjụ: "Kedu nke mbụ?"
N'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ ha buru ibu, tankị nyocha TK-3 na TKS bụ ụgbọ dị mkpa nke ndị agha Polish. Taa a na-ewere ha dị ka akara. Enwere ike ịhụ ụdị ụgbọ ala ndị a n'ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na n'ememe dị n'èzí.
