Ndị na-agba agba

Iberibe na iberibe a na-ejikarị eme asọmpi na egwuregwu chess bụ iberibe Staunton. Nathaniel Cooke mere ha wee kpọọ aha Howard Staunton, onye ọkpụkpọ chess kacha elu na etiti narị afọ 1849, bụ onye bịanyere aka na narị ise mbụ nke Jaques nke London mere na XNUMX. N'oge na-adịghị anya iberibe ndị a ghọrọ iberibe asọmpi ọkọlọtọ ejiri mee ihe n'ụwa niile.

Maka nwatakiri chess, aha ya bu na mbu Chaturangaweere India. Na narị afọ nke XNUMX AD, a kpọtara Chaturanga na Peshia wee gbanwee ghọọ nkata. Mgbe ndị Arab meriri Persia na narị afọ nke asaa, chatrang nwere mgbanwe ọzọ wee bụrụ onye a maara dị ka. nkata. Na narị afọ nke XNUMX-XNUMXth, chess ruru Europe. Naanị sets ole na ole ka dịgidere ruo taa. iberibe chess nke etiti. Ndị kacha ewu ewu bụ Sandomierz chess na Lewis chess..

Sandomierz chess

Ntọala chess Sandomierz nwere obere chess iri abụọ na itoolu (nke a na-efu naanị iberibe atọ) site na narị afọ nke 29, otu mgbe e liri ya n'okpuru ala ụlọ dị obere na St James's Street. Iberibe ha adịghị ihe karịrị 2 cm n'ịdị elu, na-atụ aro na ejiri ha mee njem. Emere ha site na antler mgbada na ụdị Arabic (1). Achọtara ha na 1962 na Sandomierz n'oge nchọpụta ihe ochie nke Jerzy na Eliga Gonsowski duziri. Ha bụ ihe ncheta kachasị ọnụ ahịa na nchịkọta ihe ochie nke District Museum na Sandomierz.

Chess bịara Poland na narị afọ nke 1154, n'oge ọchịchị Bolesław Wrymouth. Dị ka otu echiche si kwuo, Prince Henryk nke Sandomierz gaara eme ka ha si na Middle East bịa Poland. Na XNUMX, o sonyere na agha ntụte na Ala Nsọ iji chebe Jerusalem site na ndị Saracens.

Chess na Lewis

2. Iberibe chess si n'agwaetiti Lewis

N'afọ 1831, a chọtara iberibe iri itoolu na atọ a kpụrụ akpụ site na tusks walrus na ezé whale na Scotland Isle nke Lewis na Uig Bay (93). Ihe onyonyo a niile bụ ihe akpụrụ akpụ nke mmadụ, ndị na-ebuli elu yikwara nkume ili. Ma eleghị anya, e mere ihe a nile na Norway na narị afọ nke iri abụọ (n'oge ahụ àgwàetiti Scotland bụ nke Norway). Ezochiri ha ma ọ bụ furu efu n'oge ụgbọ mmiri si Norway na-aga n'obodo ndị bara ọgaranya dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ireland.

Ugbu a, ihe ngosi 82 ​​dị na British Museum na London, ma 11 fọdụrụnụ dị na National Museum of Scotland na Edinburgh. N'ime ihe nkiri 2001 Harry Potter na Nkume Ọkà Ihe Ọmụma, Harry na Ron na-egwu chess ọkachamara na iberibe emere kpọmkwem dị ka iberibe na iberibe si Isle nke Lewis.

Iberibe chess nke narị afọ nke XNUMX.

Mmasị na-abawanye na chess na ntụgharị nke narị afọ nke XNUMX na nke XNUMX mere ka ọ dị mkpa ịmepụta ụdị zuru ụwa ọnụ nke iberibe. N'oge mbụ, a na-eji ụdị dị iche iche eme ihe. Ederede Bekee nke a na-ejikarị ọka bali (3) - site n'aha ntị nke ọka bali na-achọ ihe oyiyi nke Tsar na Hetman, ma ọ bụ George St (4) - sitere na ụlọ egwuregwu chess a ma ama na London.

A na-eji ngwaahịa ndị dị otú a eme ihe na Germany. Selenium (5) - aha ya bụ Gustav Selen. Nke a bụ pseudonym nke Augustus nke Nta, Duke nke Brunswick, onye dere akwụkwọ "Chess, ma ọ bụ egwuregwu Royal" ("), nke e bipụtara na 1616. A na-akpọkwa ụkpụrụ ochie a mara mma mgbe ụfọdụ ogige ma ọ bụ ihe oyiyi tulip. Na France, n'aka nke ya, iberibe na pawns, nke a na-egwuri egwu na ndị a ma ama Cafe Regency na Paris (6 na 7).

6. Iberibe chess nke ụdị French Regence.

7. Otu ọrụ nke French Regent.

Cafe Regency

Nke a bụ ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ chess a ma ama n'akụkụ Louvre dị na Paris, nke hiwere na 1718, nke onye ọchịchị Prince Philippe d'Orléans na-eletakarị. Ọ na-egwuri na ya na ndị ọzọ Legal de Kermeur (onye dere otu n'ime obere chess a ma ama nke a na-akpọ "Legal Checkmate"), a na-ewere dịka onye ọkpụkpọ kachasị ike na France ruo mgbe nwa akwụkwọ chess meriri ya na 1755. Francois Philidor. Na 1798 ọ gbara chess ebe a. Napoleon Bonaparte.

N'afọ 1858, Paul Morphy rụrụ egwuregwu a ma ama na Café de la Régence n'eleghị bọọdụ ahụ megide ndị egwuregwu chess asatọ siri ike, merie egwuregwu isii na eserese abụọ. Na mgbakwunye na ndị na-egwu chess, ndị ode akwụkwọ, ndị nta akụkọ na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-abụkwa ndị ọbịa na-aga cafe. - isi obodo chess nke ụwa nke ọkara nke abụọ nke 12th na ọkara mbụ nke narị afọ nke 2015 - bụ isiokwu nke isiokwu dị na No. XNUMX/XNUMX nke magazin "Young Technician".

N'afọ ndị 30, ndị Bekee malitere ịsọ mpi na ndị egwuregwu chess kacha mma n'ụwa gburugburu Café de la Régence. N'afọ 1834, egwuregwu akwụkwọ ozi malitere n'etiti cafe na Westminster Chess Club, tọrọ ntọala afọ atọ gara aga. N'afọ 1843, a na-egwu egwuregwu na cafe, na-ejedebe ogologo oge nke ndị na-egwu chess French. Pierre Saint-Amand ọ tụfuru onye bekee Howardham Stauntonham (+ 6-11 = 4).

Onye na-ese ihe French bụ Jean-Henri Marlet, ezigbo enyi Saint-Amand, sere "Egwuregwu Chess" na 1843, nke Staunton na Saint-Amand na-egwu chess na Café Régence (8).

8. Egwuregwu Chess rụrụ na 1843 na Café de la Régence - Howard Staunton (aka ekpe) na Pierre Charles Fourrier Saint-Amand.

Iberibe chess Staunton

Ịdị adị nke ọtụtụ ụdị chess na myirịta oge ụfọdụ nke mpempe akwụkwọ dị iche iche n'otu n'otu nwere ike ime ka egwuregwu ahụ sie ike maka onye mmegide na-amaghị ụdị ha ma na-emetụta nsonaazụ egwuregwu ahụ. Ya mere, ọ dị mkpa ka ịmepụta otu chess nwere iberibe nke ndị egwuregwu chess nke ọkwa dị iche iche na-amata ngwa ngwa.

Howard Staunton

(1810–1874) bụ onye ọkpụkpọ chess nke bekee nke echere na ọ kacha mma n'ụwa site na 1843 ruo 1851. Ọ mepụtara "Staunton iberibe", nke ghọrọ ọkọlọtọ maka asọmpi na egwuregwu chess. Ọ haziri asọmpi chess mba ụwa nke mbụ na London na 1851 ma bụrụ onye mbụ nwara imepụta ọgbakọ chess mba ụwa. Ruo n'etiti narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, egwuregwu chess na-adịru ogologo oge, ọbụna ọtụtụ ụbọchị, n'ihi na ndị mmegide nwere oge na-akparaghị ókè iche echiche. Na 1852, Staunton tụrụ aro ka e jiri elekere elekere (hourglass) tụọ oge ndị asọmpi na-eji. Ebu ụzọ jiri ha mee ihe na 1861 na egwuregwu dị n'etiti Adolf Andersen na Ignac von Kolisch. Staunton bụ onye nhazi ndụ chess, onye na-ahụ maka egwuregwu chess a ma ama, onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ chess, onye na-ede akwụkwọ, onye okike nke iwu egwuregwu n'onwe ya na usoro maka ịme asọmpi na egwuregwu. Ọ mụtara tiori nke oghere wee webata, karịsịa, gambit 1.d4 f5 2.e4, nke a na-akpọ Staunton Gambit na-esote ya.

N'afọ 1849, ezinụlọ Jaques nke Lọndọn, bụ́ nke ka na-emepụta ngwá ọrụ egwuregwu na egwuregwu, mepụtara ihe ndị mbụ haziri. Nathaniel Kuka (10) - Onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke magazin London kwa izu bụ The Illustrated London News, ebe Howard Staunton bipụtara akụkọ gbasara chess. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme chess kwenyere na ọgọ nwoke Cook, John Jacques, mgbe ahụ onye nwe ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, keere òkè dị ukwuu na mmepe ya. Howard Staunton tụrụ aro iberibe ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ chess ya.

10. Staunton mbụ 1949 chess iberibe: pawn, rook, knight, bishọp, Queen na eze.

A na-eji osisi ebony na igbe igbe mee ihe nhazi nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a, na-edozi ya na ndu maka nkwụsi ike ma kpuchie ya na mmetụta dị n'okpuru. E ji ọdụ́ Africa mee ụfọdụ. Na Maachị 1, 1849, Cook debanyere ihe nlereanya ọhụrụ ahụ na Ụlọ Ọrụ Patent London. Ọkpụkpọ niile nke Jacques mepụtara bụ Staunton bịanyere aka na ya.

Ọnụ ego Staunton dị ọnụ ala nyere aka n'ịzụta ọtụtụ ma nyere aka kwalite egwuregwu chess. Ka oge na-aga, uwe ha ghọrọ ihe a kacha ewu ewu, nke a na-ejikarị eme taa n'ọtụtụ asọmpi gburugburu ụwa.

A na-eji iberibe ndị a eme ihe ugbu a na asọmpi.

Zestav gọziri Staunton International Chess Federation FIDE kwadoro na 1924 wee họrọ ya maka ojiji na asọmpi mba ụwa niile. Enwere ụfọdụ ọdịiche dị n'etiti atụmatụ ngwaahịa Staunton dị ugbu a (11), ọkachasị gbasara agba, ihe na ọdịdị nke jumpers. Dịka iwu FIDE siri dị, ibe ojii ga-abụrịrị aja aja, oji ma ọ bụ ndò ndị ọzọ gbara ọchịchịrị nke agba ndị a. Akụkụ ọcha nwere ike ịbụ ọcha, ude ma ọ bụ agba ọkụ ọzọ. Ị nwere ike iji eke osisi agba (walnut, maple, wdg).

11. Set nke ugbu a eji osisi Staunton Figures.

Akụkụ ndị ahụ kwesịrị ịdị mma na anya, ọ bụghị na-egbuke egbuke ma jiri osisi, plastik ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ yiri ya. Akwadoro elu nke iberibe: eze - 9,5 cm, eze nwanyị - 8,5 cm, bishọp - 7 cm, knight - 6 cm, rook - 5,5 cm na pawn - 5 cm The dayameta nke isi nke iberibe kwesịrị 40-50%. nke elu ha. Ogo nwere ike ịdịgasị iche ruo 10% site na ntuziaka ndị a, mana a ga-agbasorịrị usoro (dịka eze n'elu eze nwanyị, wdg).

onye nkuzi agụmakwụkwọ,

onye nkuzi ikike

na onye ọka ikpe chess

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