Ndị nyocha na nyocha
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Ndị nyocha na nyocha

26.05.2022 /

Ihe nyocha bụ ngwaọrụ a na-eji na-agụ mgbe niile: onyonyo, koodu mkpọchi ma ọ bụ koodu magnetik, ebili mmiri redio, wdg. n'ime ụdị eletrọnịkị (na-abụkarị dijitalụ). Ihe nyocha ahụ na-enyocha usoro iyi nke ozi, na-agụ ma ọ bụ debanye aha ha.

40-s Ngwaọrụ mbụ nke enwere ike ịkpọ progenitor nke fax / scanner na mmalite XNUMX site na onye na-emepụta ihe na Scotland. Aleksandra Manke a kacha mara dị ka onye mepụtara elekere eletrik mbụ.

Na Mee 27, 1843, Bain nwetara patent nke Britain (Mba 9745) maka mmelite n'ichepụta na iwu. eletrik Oraz mmezi ngụ oge, NS akara eletriki na, wee mee mgbanwe ụfọdụ na patent ọzọ ewepụtara na 1845.

Na nkọwa patent ya, Bain kwuru na elu ọ bụla ọzọ, nke nwere ihe na-arụ ọrụ na nke anaghị arụ ọrụ, nwere ike iji ụzọ ndị a depụtaghachi ya. Agbanyeghị, usoro ya wepụtara onyonyo na-adịghị mma yana enweghị ego iji ya eme ihe, ọkachasị n'ihi na emekọrịtaghị ihe na-ebufe na nnata. Echiche faksị Bain Otu ọkà mmụta sayensị Bekee mere ka ọ dịkwuo mma na 1848 Frederica Bakewellmana ngwa Bakewell (1) mekwara ka mmeputakwa adịghị mma.

1861 A na-akpọ igwe fax electromechanical mbụ na-arụ ọrụ nke a na-ere ahịa bụ "pantograph'(2) bụ onye ọkà mmụta sayensị Ịtali chepụtara ya Giovannigo Casellego. Na narị afọ nke XNUMX, pantelegraph bụ ngwaọrụ maka ịnyefe ederede ejiri aka dee, eserese na mbinye aka n'elu ahịrị telegraph. Ejirila ya nke ọma dịka ngwa nyocha mbinye aka na azụmahịa ụlọ akụ.

Igwe igwe nke igwe nkedo na ihe karịrị mita abụọ n'ịdị elu, maka anyị taa ọ dị mgbagwoju anya, mana ọ dị mma ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma n'oge ahụO mere ihe site n'ime ka onye zitere ya dee ozi ahụ na mpempe akwụkwọ nke nwere ink na-adịghị eduzi. A na-etinyezi mpempe akwụkwọ a na efere ígwè a gbagọrọ agbagọ. stylus nke onye zitere ya lere anya akwụkwọ izizi, na-agbaso ahịrị ahịrị ya (ahịrị atọ kwa millimita).

A na-ebunye akara ngosi site na telifon na ọdụ ọdụ ahụ, bụ ebe ejiri ink blue Prussian akara ozi ahụ, nwetara n'ihi mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ, ebe ọ bụ na mpempe akwụkwọ dị na ngwaọrụ nnata nwere potassium ferrocyanide. Iji hụ na agịga abụọ ahụ na-enyocha n'otu ọsọ ahụ, ndị na-emepụta na-eji elekere abụọ ziri ezi nke na-ebugharị pendulum, nke n'aka nke ya jikọtara ya na gia na eriri ndị na-achịkwa mmegharị nke agịga ahụ.

1913 bilie belinographonye nwere ike iji fotocell nyochaa onyonyo. Echiche Eduard Belin (3) kwere ka nnyefe site na ahịrị ekwentị wee bụrụ ntọala teknụzụ maka ọrụ AT&T Wirephoto. Belinograph nke a kwere ka ezipụ ihe onyonyo n'ebe dị anya site na telegraph na netwọk ekwentị.

N'afọ 1921, a kwalitere usoro a ka e wee nwee ike ibunye foto site na iji ebili mmiri redio. N'ihe banyere belinograph, a na-eji ngwaọrụ eletrik tụọ ike nke ìhè. A na-ebufe ọkwa ike ọkụ na onye nnataebe isi ọkụ nwere ike imepụtaghachi ike nke onye na-ebugharị tụrụ ya site na ibipụta ya na akwụkwọ foto. Ndị na-ese foto nke oge a na-eji ụkpụrụ yiri nke ahụ bụ́ nke ihe mmetụta kọmputa na-eji na-ejide ọkụ ma na-ebipụta ya dabere na ya. teknụzụ laser.

3. Eduard Belin na onye na-ese ihe

1914 Akwukwo nri teknụzụ njirimara ngwa anya (nchọpụta agwa ngwa anya), nke a na-eji amata mkpụrụedemede na ederede dum na faịlụ eserese, ụdị bitmap, malite na mmalite nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ. Mgbe ahụ, nke a Emanuel Goldberg i Edmund Fournier d'Albe n'onwe ya mepụtara ngwaọrụ OCR mbụ.

Goldberg chepụtara igwe nwere ike ịgụ mkpụrụedemede na ịtụgharị ha ka ọ bụrụ koodu telegraph. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, d'Albe mepụtara ngwaọrụ a maara dị ka optophone. Ọ bụ ihe nyocha nwere ike ibugharị nke enwere ike ibugharị n'akụkụ akụkụ nke ederede iji mepụta ụda dị iche na nke dị iche, nke ọ bụla dabara na otu mkpụrụedemede ma ọ bụ mkpụrụedemede. Usoro OCR, n'agbanyeghị na emebere ya kemgbe ọtụtụ iri afọ, na-arụ ọrụ n'ụkpụrụ dịka ngwaọrụ mbụ.

1924 Richard H. Ranger mepụtara igwefoto ikuku (4). Ọ na-eji ya ziga foto onyeisi oche Calvin Coolidge site na New York ruo London na 1924, foto mbụ a ga-etinye na fax na redio. Ejiri ihe nrụpụta Ranger mee ihe n'ahịa na 1926 ma a ka na-eji ya na-ebufe eserese ihu igwe na ozi ihu igwe ndị ọzọ.

4. Mmepụta nke mbụ photoroentgenogram nke Richard H. Ranger.

1950 Onye haziri ya bụ Benedict Cassin nyocha nyocha ahụike rectilinear bu ụzọ na-aga nke ọma mmepe nke ihe nchọpụta scintillation ntụziaka. N'afọ 1950, Cassin chịkọtara usoro nyocha akpaaka nke mbụ, nke gụnyere ihe nchọpụta scintillation nke injin na-achị ejikọrọ na ngwa nbipute relay.

A na-eji nyocha a na-ahụ anya nke gland thyroid mgbe nchịkwa nke iodine redioaktivu gasịrị. Na 1956, Kuhl na ndị ọrụ ibe ya mepụtara ihe nyocha Cassin nke mere ka nghọta na mkpebi ya dịkwuo mma. Site na mmepe nke akụrụngwa redio-pharmaceuticals, a na-eji ụdị azụmaahịa nke usoro a mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe site na ngwụcha afọ 50 ruo mmalite 70 iji nyochaa akụkụ ahụ ndị bụ isi nke ahụ.

1957 bilie drum nyocha, nke mbụ e mere ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na kọmputa iji mee nyocha dijitalụ. Ewubere ya na National Bureau of Standards US site n'aka otu ndị isi Russell A. Kirsch, ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ na kọmpụta mbụ nke America etinyere (echekwara na ebe nchekwa) kọmpụta, Standard Eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC), nke nyere ndị otu Kirsch ohere ịnwale algọridim nke bụ ihe mmalite maka nhazi onyonyo na njirimara ụkpụrụ.

Russell na Kirshovi ọ tụgharịrị na enwere ike iji kọmpụta na-eme ihe n'ozuzu iji mee ka ọtụtụ atụmatụ njirimara agwa ndị a tụrụ aro ka etinyere na ngwaike. Nke a ga-achọ ngwaọrụ ntinye nke nwere ike ịtụgharị onyonyo ka ọ bụrụ ụdị kwesịrị ekwesị. na-echekwa na kọmputa ebe nchekwa. Ya mere a mụrụ ihe nyocha dijitalụ.

Ihe nyocha CEAC jiri mgbịrịgba na-atụgharị na fotomultiplier iji chọpụta nlebara anya site na obere ihe onyonyo etinyere na drum. Ihe nkpuchi etinyere n'etiti onyonyo na fotomultiplier ka agbanyere, ya bụ. kewara onyonyo a ka ọ bụrụ grid polygonal. Onyonyo mbụ elere na nyocha bụ foto 5×5 cm nke nwa Kirsch dị ọnwa atọ, Walden (5). Onyonyo ojii na nke ọcha nwere mkpebi nke 176 pikselụ kwa akụkụ.

60s-90s narị afọ nke iri abụọ Teknụzụ nyocha 3D mbụ e kere na 60s nke narị afọ gara aga. Ihe nleba anya nke mbụ ji ọkụ, igwefoto, na ihe nrụpụta. N'ihi oke ngwaike, nyocha ihe nke ọma na-ewekarị oge na mbọ. Mgbe 1985 gasịrị, ndị nyocha nke nwere ike iji ìhè ọcha, lasers, na shading dochie anya ha. Nyocha laser nke ala ala Emepụtara (TLS) site na ngwa na mmemme oghere na nchekwa.

Isi ebe a na-enweta ego maka nnukwu ọrụ ndị a sitere na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị US dị ka Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). Nke a gara n'ihu ruo n'afọ 90, mgbe a ghọtara nkà na ụzụ dị ka ngwá ọrụ bara uru maka ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na azụmahịa. Ọganihu ma a bịa na mmejuputa azụmahịa Nyocha laser 3D (6) bụ mpụta nke sistemu TLS dabere na triangulation. Ọ bụ Xin Chen mepụtara ngwaọrụ mgbanwe maka Mensi, nke Auguste D'Aligny na Michel Paramitioti tọrọ ntọala na 1987.

5. Ihe onyonyo izizi nke SEAC nyocha nyochara

6. Nleba anya nke TLS n'ime ala nyocha laser

1963 German mepụtara Rudolf Ad na-anọchite anya mmeputa ohuru ọzọ, chromograph, nke a kọwara na ọmụmụ ihe dị ka "nyocha nyocha mbụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme" (ọ bụ ezie na ekwesịrị ịghọta ya dị ka ngwaọrụ azụmahịa mbụ nke ụdị ya na ụlọ ọrụ obibi akwụkwọ). Na 1965 ọ mepụtara ngwa ahụ mbụ eletrọnịkị dee usoro na dijitalụ ebe nchekwa (Kọmputa ngwa) gbanwere ụlọ ọrụ obibi akwụkwọ gburugburu ụwa.. N'otu afọ ahụ, ewebata "onye na-emepụta ihe dijitalụ" mbụ - Digiset. A na-eto Rudolf Hella DC 300 nyocha azụmahịa sitere na 1971 dị ka ihe nhụta nyocha nke ọkwa ụwa.

7. Onye mepụtara igwe ọgụgụ Kurzweil.

1974 malite Ngwa OCRka anyị si mara ya taa. E hiwere ya mgbe ahụ Ngwaahịa Kọmputa Kurzweil, Inc. Mgbe e mesịrị mara dị ka a futurist na onye na-akwalite "teknụzụ singularity", o chepụtara a mgbanwe ngwa nke usoro nke ịgụ isiokwu na ude nke akara na akara. Echiche ya bụ na-ewu igwe ịgụ ihe maka ndị ìsì, bụ́ nke na-enye ndị na-adịghị ahụ ụzọ ohere iji kọmputa na-agụ akwụkwọ.

Ray Kurzweil na ndị otu ya kere Igwe ọgụgụ Kurzweil (7) na Ngwa teknụzụ Omni-Font OCR. A na-eji ngwanro a mata ederede n'ime ihe elere anya wee tụgharịa ya ka ọ bụrụ data n'ụdị ederede. Mgbalị ya mere ka e nwee usoro abụọ nke mechara bụrụ nke ka dị oke mkpa. Na-ekwu maka okwu synthesizer i nyocha dị larịị.

Ihe nyocha Kurzweil flatbed sitere na 70s. enweghị ihe karịrị 64 kilobytes nke ebe nchekwa. Ka oge na-aga, ndị injinia emelitela mkpebi nyocha na ikike ebe nchekwa, na-enye ohere ka ngwaọrụ ndị a weghara onyonyo ruru 9600 dpi. Nyocha ihe onyonyo anya, ederede, akwụkwọ ejiri aka dee ma ọ bụ ihe na ịtụgharị ha ka ọ bụrụ onyonyo dijitalụ bịara bụrụ ebe niile na mbido 90s.

Na narị afọ 5400, ihe nleba anya dị larịị ghọrọ ngwá ọrụ dị ọnụ ala na nke a pụrụ ịdabere na ya, nke mbụ maka ụlọ ọrụ na mgbe e mesịrị maka ụlọ (nke a na-ejikọta ya na igwe fax, ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ, na ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ). Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-akpọ ya nyocha ihe nlegharị anya. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ site na iji ọkụ na-acha ọcha na-amụnye ihe a na-enyocha na-agụ ma na-agụ ike na agba nke ìhè na-egosipụta na ya. Ezubere iji nyochaa mbipụta ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị larịị, ihe ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe, ha nwere elu na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke pụtara na ha nwere ike ịnweta nnukwu akwụkwọ, akwụkwọ akụkọ na ihe ndị ọzọ ozugbo. .

1994 Ndị nyocha 3D na-ewepụta ihe ngwọta a na-akpọ EGO. Usoro a mere ka o kwe omume ngwa ngwa na n'ụzọ ziri ezi nyochaa ihe mgbe ị na-ejigide ọkwa dị elu. Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, otu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nyere Usoro ModelMaker (8), atụlere dị ka usoro izizi dị otú ahụ iji “jide ezigbo ihe XNUMXD”.

2013 Apple na-esonye Ihe nyocha akara mkpịsị aka ID (9) maka smartphones ọ na-arụpụta. Usoro a na-ejikọta ya na ngwaọrụ iOS nke ukwuu, na-enye ndị ọrụ ohere ịmeghe ngwaọrụ ahụ, yana ịzụrụ ihe site na ụlọ ahịa dijitalụ Apple dị iche iche (iTunes Store, App Store, iBookstore) ma chọpụta ụgwọ ịkwụ ụgwọ Apple Pay. Na 2016, Samsung Galaxy Note 7 igwefoto na-abanye n'ahịa, ọ bụghị naanị na nyocha mkpịsị aka, kamakwa na nyocha iris.

8. Otu n'ime ụdị nyocha nke ModelMaker 3D

9. Touch ID nyocha na iPhone

Nkewa nyocha

Ihe nyocha bụ ngwaọrụ a na-eji na-agụ mgbe niile: onyonyo, koodu mkpọchi ma ọ bụ koodu magnetik, ebili mmiri redio, wdg. n'ime ụdị eletrọnịkị (na-abụkarị dijitalụ). Ihe nyocha ahụ na-enyocha usoro iyi nke ozi, na-agụ ma ọ bụ debanye aha ha.

Ya mere, ọ bụghị onye na-agụ ihe nkịtị, kama ọ bụ onye na-agụ nzọụkwụ site na nzọụkwụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe nyocha ihe oyiyi anaghị ejide ihe oyiyi ahụ n'otu oge dị ka igwefoto na-eme, kama ọ na-ede ahịrị ahịrị nke onyonyo a n'usoro - ya mere onye nyocha ahụ na-agụ. isi na-akpụ akpụ, ma ọ bụ a na-enyocha usoro n'okpuru).

ngwa anya nyocha

Igwe nyocha anya na kọmpụta ngwa ntinye ihe n'akụkụ nke na-agbanwe onyonyo kwụ ọtọ nke ezigbo ihe (dịka ọmụmaatụ, akwụkwọ, elu ụwa, retina mmadụ) ka ọ bụrụ ụdị dijitalụ maka nhazi kọmputa ọzọ. A na-akpọ faịlụ kọmputa nke sitere na nyocha ihe onyonyo a na-akpọ scan. A na-eji ihe nyocha anya maka nkwadebe nhazi onyonyo (DTP), nnabata aka ọdịde, nchekwa na sistemu njikwa ohere, ịdebe akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ ochie, nyocha sayensị na ahụike, wdg.

Ụdị nyocha nyocha anya:

  • nyocha nke ejiri aka
  • nyocha dị larịị
  • drum nyocha
  • ihe nyocha slide
  • ihe nkiri nyocha
  • Ihe nyocha Barcode
  • Ihe nyocha 3D (ihe gbasara oghere)
  • nyocha akwụkwọ
  • enyo nyocha
  • nyocha prism
  • eriri optic nyocha

Igwe Ọdụdọ

Ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ a nwere isi ndị na-agụ ozi a na-edekarị na eriri magnetik. Nke a bụ ka esi echekwa ozi, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ọtụtụ kaadị ịkwụ ụgwọ.

Dijitalụ

Onye na-agụ na-agụ ozi echekwara na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ site na kọntaktị kpọmkwem na usoro dị na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Ya mere, n'ime ihe ndị ọzọ, a na-enye onye ọrụ kọmputa ikike iji kaadị dijitalụ.

Redio

Onye na-agụ redio (RFID) na-agụ ozi echekwara na ihe ahụ. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, ọnụọgụ nke onye na-agụ ihe dị otú ahụ sitere na ole na ole ruo ọtụtụ centimeters, ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ nwere ọtụtụ iri iri centimita na-ewu ewu. N'ihi ịdị mfe iji ha eme ihe, ha na-edochi ihe ngwọta magnetik, dịka ọmụmaatụ na usoro nchịkwa ohere.

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