Ndị na-etolite nnu, akụkụ 4 Bromine

Ihe ọzọ sitere na ezinụlọ halogen bụ bromine. Ọ na-anọ ebe dị n'etiti chlorine na ayodiin (ọnụ na-etolite halogen subfamily), na ihe onwunwe ya bụ nkezi tụnyere ndị agbata obi ya n'elu na ala nke otu. Otú ọ dị, onye ọ bụla nke chere na nke a bụ ihe na-adịghị amasị ya ga-ehie ụzọ.

Dịka ọmụmaatụ, bromine bụ naanị mmiri mmiri n'etiti ndị na-abụghị ọla, na agba ya na-anọgide na-adị iche na ụwa nke ihe ndị dị na ya. Otú ọ dị, isi ihe bụ na a pụrụ iji ya mee nnwale ndị na-adọrọ mmasị n'ụlọ.

- Ihe na-esi ísì ọjọọ ebe a! -

...... onye French chemist kwuru Joseph Gay-Lussacmgbe n'oge okpomọkụ nke 1826, n'aha French Academy, ọ na-enyocha akụkọ banyere nchọpụta nke ihe ọhụrụ. A maghị onye dere ya n'ọtụtụ ebe Ụmụ Antoine. Otu afọ tupu mgbe ahụ, onye apotheca nke dị afọ 23 enyochawo ohere nke ime iodine site na ịmepụta ihe ngwọta nke fọdụrụ site na kristal nke nnu nkume sitere na mmiri oké osimiri (usoro eji eme nnu na ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ dị ka ụsọ oké osimiri France). Chlorine bubbled site na ngwọta, na-ewepụ iodine na nnu ya. Ọ natara mmewere ahụ, ma ọ hụrụ ihe ọzọ - ihe nkiri nke mmiri mmiri na-acha odo odo na-esi ísì ụtọ. Ọ kewapụrụ ya wee jikọta ya. Ihe fọdụrụ wee bụrụ mmiri mmiri gbara ọchịchịrị, n'adịghị ka ihe ọ bụla a ma ama. Nsonaazụ ule nke Balar gosiri na nke a bụ ihe ọhụrụ. Ya mere, o zigara akụkọ na French Academy wee chere maka mkpebi ya. Mgbe achọpụtara Balar achọpụtara, ewepụtara aha maka mmewere ahụ. bromine, nke sitere na Greek bromos, i.e. na-esi ísì, n'ihi na ísì bromine adịghị ụtọ (1).

Ịkpachara anya Isi ọjọọ abụghị naanị mwepu nke bromine. Ihe mmewere a na-emerụ ahụ dị ka halogens dị elu, na, otu oge na akpụkpọ ahụ, na-ahapụ ọnyá ndị siri ike ịgwọ. Ya mere, n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla, mmadụ ekwesịghị ịnweta bromine n'ụdị ya dị ọcha ma zere ịmịnye ísì nke ngwọta ya.

mmiri mmiri elementrị

Mmiri mmiri nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ bromine niile dị n'ụwa. Ngosipụta na chlorine na-akpata ntọhapụ nke bromine, nke na-eme ka ikuku na-afụ mmiri. Na onye nnata, a na-agbakọ bromine wee mee ka ọ dị ọcha site na distillation. N'ihi asọmpi dị ọnụ ala na obere mmeghachi omume, a na-eji bromine naanị mgbe achọrọ ya. Ọtụtụ ihe eji eme ihe, dị ka bromide ọlaọcha na foto, ihe mgbakwunye mmanụ ụgbọala, na ihe ndị na-emenyụ ọkụ halon. Bromine bụ ihe mejupụtara batrị bromine-zinc, a na-ejikwa ogige ya dị ka ọgwụ, ihe eji esiji ákwà, ihe mgbakwunye iji belata ire ọkụ nke plastik, na ngwaahịa nchebe osisi.

Kemịkalụ, bromine adịghị iche na halogens ndị ọzọ: ọ na-etolite hydrobromic acid HBr siri ike, nnu nwere anion bromine na ụfọdụ acid oxygen na nnu ha.

Bromine Analyst

Mmetụta mmeghachi omume nke anion bromide yiri nnwale emere maka chlorides. Mgbe ịgbakwunye ihe ngwọta nke silver nitrate AgNO₃ Igwe mmiri na-adịghị mma nke AgBr na-asọpụta, na-agba ọchịchịrị n'ìhè n'ihi nbibi nke photochemical. Ọsọ mmiri ahụ nwere agba odo na-acha odo odo (n'ụzọ dị iche na AgCl na-acha ọcha na AgI na-acha ọcha) na ọ naghị edozi ya mgbe agbakwunyere ngwọta amonia NH._3aq (nke na-eme ka ọ dị iche na AgCl, nke na-agbaze nke ukwuu n'okpuru ọnọdụ ndị a)2). 

2. Ntụle nke agba nke ọlaọcha halides - n'okpuru ị pụrụ ịhụ ha ire ere mgbe ikpughe ìhè.

Ụzọ kachasị mfe iji chọpụta bromides bụ oxidize ha ma chọpụta ọnụnọ nke bromine n'efu. Maka ule ị ga-achọ: potassium bromide KBr, potassium permanganate KMnO₄, Sulfuric acid ngwọta (VI) H₂SO₄ na ihe mgbaze organic (dịka ọmụmaatụ, agba thinner). Wunye obere ihe ngwọta nke KBr na KMnO n'ime tube ule.₄na mgbe ahụ ole na ole tụlee nke acid. Ọdịnaya na-aghọ ozugbo na-acha odo odo (na mbụ ọ bụ odo odo site na potassium permanganate agbakwunyere):

2Mn₄ +10KBr +8H₂SO4 → 2MnSO₄ + 6 puku₂SO₄ +5 Br₂ + 8 awa₂Banyere Tinye nri

3. Bromine amịpụtara si aqueous oyi akwa (ala) agba organic mgbaze oyi akwa red-agba aja aja (n'elu).

ihe mgbaze na ịkwanye vial ka ịgwakọta ọdịnaya. Mgbe a kpochapụrụ ya, ị ga-ahụ na oyi akwa organic ewerewo na agba uhie na-acha aja aja. Bromine na-agbaze nke ọma na mmiri mmiri na-abụghị polar ma na-esi na mmiri gaa na ihe mgbaze. Ahụhụ phenomen ịkwakọrọ ihe (3). 

Mmiri bromine n'ụlọ

mmiri bromine bụ ihe ngwọta mmiri na-enweta site n'ịgbaze bromine n'ime mmiri (ihe dịka 3,6 g nke bromine kwa 100 g mmiri). Ọ bụ reagent eji dị ka onye na-eme ihe na-eme ka ọ dị nro na-achọpụta ọdịdị na-adịghị mma nke ogige organic. Otú ọ dị, bromine n'efu bụ ihe dị ize ndụ, ma e wezụga nke ahụ, mmiri bromine adịghị eguzosi ike (bromine evaporates from solution and reacts with water). Ya mere, ọ kacha mma ịnweta ya ntakịrị ihe na-arụ ọrụ ma jiri ya mee ihe ozugbo maka nyocha.

Ị mụtala ụzọ mbụ maka ịchọpụta bromides: oxidation na-eduga n'ịmepụta bromine n'efu. N'oge a, tinye ntakịrị H ole na ole na ngwọta potassium bromide KBr na flask.₂SO₄ na akụkụ nke hydrogen peroxide (3% H₂O₂ eji eme ihe disinfectant). Mgbe obere oge gasịrị, ngwakọta na-aghọ odo odo:

2KBr+H₂O₂ +H₂SO₄ →K₂SO₄ + Br₂ + 2 awa₂O

Mmiri bromine e nwetara si otú a metọọ, ma X bụ nanị nchegbu.₂O₂. Ya mere, a ga-ewepụ ya na manganese dioxide MnO.₂nke ga-emebi oke hydrogen peroxide. Ụzọ kachasị mfe iji nweta onyinye ahụ bụ site na mkpụrụ ndụ ndị a na-atụfu n'efu (nke akpọrọ R03, R06), ebe ọ dị n'ụdị oke ọchịchịrị na-ejuputa iko zinc. Tinye ntụtụ nke uka na flask, ma mgbe mmeghachi omume ahụ gasịrị, wụpụ ihe dị elu, na reagent dị njikere.

Ụzọ ọzọ bụ electrolysis nke ngwọta mmiri nke KBr. Iji nweta ngwọta bromine dị ọcha, ọ dị mkpa iji wuo diaphragm electrolyzer, i.e. naanị kewaa beaker na mpempe akwụkwọ kwesịrị ekwesị (n'ụzọ dị otú a, ị ga-ebelata ngwakọta nke ngwaahịa mmeghachi omume na electrodes). A ga-eji osisi graphite ewepụtara na cell nke enwere ike iwepụ 3 nke edepụtara n'elu dị ka electrode dị mma, yana ntu nkịtị dị ka electrode na-adịghị mma. Isi iyi ike bụ batrị mkpụrụ ego mkpụrụ ego 4,5 V. Wunye ngwọta KBr n'ime beaker, tinye electrodes na wires jikọtara, ma jikọọ batrị na wires. Na nso electrode dị mma, ihe ngwọta ga-agbanwe edo edo (nke a bụ mmiri bromine gị), na hydrogen egosipụta ga-etolite na electrode na-adịghị mma (4). Enwere isi ike nke bromine n'elu iko. Were sirinji ma ọ bụ pipette sere ihe ngwọta ahụ.

4. Igwe diaphragm emere n'ụlọ n'aka ekpe na otu cell na mmepụta nke mmiri bromine (n'aka nri). The reagent na-agbakọta gburugburu nti electrode; hydrogen egosipụta na-ahụ anya na-adịghị mma electrode.

Ị nwere ike ịchekwa mmiri bromine maka obere oge n'ime akpa mechiri emechi, na-echebe site na ìhè na ebe dị jụụ, ma ọ ka mma ịnwale ya ozugbo. Ọ bụrụ na ị mere akwụkwọ starch ayodiin dị ka uzommeputa si na nkebi nke abụọ nke okirikiri, tinye a dobe nke bromine mmiri na akwụkwọ. Ebe gbara ọchịchịrị ga-apụta ozugbo, na-egosi nguzobe nke ayodiin efu:

2KI + Br.₂ → i₂ + Кг

Dị nnọọ ka a na-enweta bromine site na mmiri oké osimiri site n'ịchụpụ ya na bromides na onye na-ahụ maka oxidizing siri ike (), ya mere bromine na-ewepụ iodine adịghị ike karịa ya na iodides (n'ezie, chlorine ga-ewepụkwa iodine).

Ọ bụrụ na ị nweghị starch ayodiin akwụkwọ, wunye ngwọta nke potassium iodide n'ime a ule tube ma tinye ole na ole tụlee nke bromine mmiri. Ihe ngwọta na-agba ọchịchịrị, na mgbe agbakwunyere ihe ngosi starch (nkwusioru nke ntụ ọka nduku na mmiri), ọ na-atụgharị na-acha anụnụ anụnụ - nsonaazụ ya na-egosi ọdịdị nke ayodiin efu (5). 

5. Nchọpụta nke bromine. N'elu - akwụkwọ starch ayodiin, n'okpuru - ngwọta nke potassium iodide na ihe ngosi starch (n'aka ekpe - reagents maka mmeghachi omume, n'aka nri - nsonaazụ nke ịgwakọta ngwọta).

Nnwale kichin abụọ.

N'ime ọtụtụ nnwale na mmiri bromine, m na-atụ aro abụọ nke ị ga-achọ reagents si na kichin. Na mbụ, wepụta otu karama mmanụ rapeseed,

7. Mmeghachi omume nke mmiri bromine na mmanụ ihe oriri. A na-ahụ akwa akwa mmanụ n'elu (aka ekpe) na mmiri oyi akwa nke nwere bromine tupu mmeghachi omume (aka ekpe). Mgbe mmeghachi omume ahụ gasịrị (n'aka nri), oyi akwa aqueous ghọrọ agba.

sunflower ma ọ bụ mmanụ oliv. Wunye obere mmanụ ihe oriri n'ime tube ule na mmiri bromine ma gbanye ihe dị n'ime ya ka reagents wee gwakọta nke ọma. Ka emulsion labile na-agbaji, mmanụ ga-adị n'elu (obere oke karịa mmiri) na mmiri bromine na ala. Otú ọ dị, oyi akwa mmiri akwụsịla agba odo. Mmetụta a "na-amachibido" ngwọta mmiri ma jiri ya mee ihe na ihe ndị dị na mmanụ (6). 

Mmanụ a na-eri nri nwere ọtụtụ acid fatty na-adịghị mma (na-ejikọta ya na glycerin iji mepụta abụba). Atọm bromine na-ejikọta na njikọ abụọ n'ime ụmụ irighiri mmiri nke acid ndị a, na-eme usoro bromine kwekọrọ. Mgbanwe na agba nke mmiri bromine bụ ihe na-egosi na ogige ndị na-adịghị edozi ahụ dị na nlele ule, ya bụ. ogige ndị nwere njikọ abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ n'etiti atom carbon (7). 

Maka nnwale kichin nke abụọ, kwadebe soda, ya bụ sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO.₃, na shuga abụọ - glucose na fructose. Ị nwere ike ịzụta soda na glucose n'ụlọ ahịa nri, yana fructose na kiosk ọrịa shuga ma ọ bụ ụlọ ahịa nri ahụike. Glucose na fructose na-etolite sucrose, nke bụ shuga nkịtị. Ke adianade do, ha yiri nnọọ na Njirimara na nwere otu ngụkọta usoro, ma ọ bụrụ na nke a bụ ezughị, ha na-adị mfe gafere n'ime onye ọ bụla ọzọ. N'ezie, enwere ọdịiche dị n'etiti ha: fructose dị ụtọ karịa glucose, na ngwọta ọ na-atụgharị ụgbọ elu nke ìhè n'akụkụ nke ọzọ. Otú ọ dị, maka njirimara, ị ga-eji ọdịiche dị na nhazi kemịkal: glucose bụ aldehyde, na fructose bụ ketone.

7. Mmeghachi omume nke mgbakwunye nke bromine na njikọ

Ị nwere ike icheta na a na-achọpụta ibelata shuga site na iji ule Trommer na Tollens. Echiche mpụga nke nkwụnye ego brik Cu₂O (na mgbalị mbụ) ma ọ bụ enyo ọlaọcha (na nke abụọ) na-egosi ọnụnọ nke mbenata ogige, dị ka aldehydes.

Agbanyeghị, mbọ ndị a anaghị ama ọdịiche dị n'etiti glucose aldehyde na fructose ketone, ebe ọ bụ na fructose ga-agbanwe ngwa ngwa usoro ya na usoro mmeghachi omume, na-atụgharị ghọọ glucose. A chọrọ reagent dị gịrịgịrị.

Halogens dị ka 

E nwere otu ngwakọta kemịkalụ nke yiri ya na ihe ndị yiri ya. Ha na-etolite acids nke usoro izugbe HX na salts nwere mononegative X-anions, na acid ndị a esighị na oxides emepụta. Ihe atụ nke pseudohalogens dị otú ahụ bụ hydrocyanic acid HCN na-egbu egbu na thiocyanate HSCN na-adịghị njọ. Ụfọdụ n'ime ha na-etolitekwa ụmụ irighiri ihe diatomic, dị ka cyanogen (CN).₂.

Nke a bụ ebe mmiri bromine na-abata. Mee ngwọta: glucose na mgbakwunye NaHCO₃ na fructose, nakwa na mgbakwunye nke soda. Wunye ihe ngwọta glucose a kwadebere n'ime otu tube ule na mmiri bromine, na fructose ngwọta n'ime nke ọzọ, nakwa na mmiri bromine. A na-ahụ ihe dị iche nke ọma: mmiri bromine na-agbanwe agba n'okpuru ọrụ nke ngwọta glucose, na fructose emeghị mgbanwe ọ bụla. Enwere ike ịmata shuga abụọ ahụ na obere ala alkaline (nke a na-enye ya na sodium bicarbonate) yana onye na-ahụ maka oxidizing dị nro, ya bụ mmiri bromine. Iji ihe ngwọta alkaline siri ike (dị mkpa maka ule Trommer na Tollens) na-eme ka mgbanwe ngwa ngwa nke otu shuga banye na nke ọzọ na mwepu nke mmiri bromine site na fructose. Ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ ịma, megharịa ule ahụ site na iji sodium hydroxide kama ịwụ soda.