Telescopes, telescopes redio na ihe nchọpụta ebili mmiri ndọda

N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ndị na-enyocha mbara igwe emewo ihe ndị dị ịrịba ama. Nke mbụ, ha jisiri ike were foto mbụ kpọmkwem nke ụwa nke oghere ojii, nke anyị na-ede banyere ebe ọzọ na mbipụta MT a. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ha buru ụzọ weghara exoplanet HR8799e (1) na ikuku ya. Na ihe niile ekele anyị cosmic uche.

Dị ka ị maara, e nwere ọtụtụ ụdị teliskop, dị iche iche karịsịa n'ihe ha na-agba. teliskop nyocha ha na-eji ìhè a na-ahụ anya. x-ray chọpụta ihe ndị dị n'ogologo ikuku dị mkpụmkpụ karịa ọkụ ultraviolet. Telescopes na-arụ ọrụ na infrared jiri ogologo wavele ogologo karịa ọkụ a na-ahụ anya, na ultraviolet - mkpụmkpụ karịa ìhè a na-ahụ anya. Ha na-emejupụta ụdị mbara igwe anyị.

A na-akpọ asịrị ahụ netwọk nke telescopes redio, nke nnukwu antennas nwere dayameta ruru ọkara kilomita. Ha na-arụ ọrụ n'ubi. Ọ bụ ekele maka netwọk zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ndị na-ekiri ụdị a, nke a na-akpọ aha, na e nwetara ihe oyiyi a ma ama ugbu a nke nnukwu oghere ojii dị n'etiti ụyọkọ kpakpando Messier 87.

Ma metụ aha ahụ aka? Ọfọn, enwere ike iji mmetụta a tụnyere nke na-amụba ịgụ kpakpando nke ike ndọda mmadụ. ihe nchọpụta dị ka Njikọ n'ikpeazụ, ha na-enwe mmetụta nke vibrations nke ohere, nke jikọtara na aka.

Site na Canary Islands ruo South Africa

Ọ bụ ezie na afọ iri agafeela, Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) dị na Canary Islands ka nwere teliskop enyo kasịnụ nke anyị maara.

Ngosipụta isi nwere akụkụ 36 hexagonal. Ụlọ ihe nleba anya nwekwara ọtụtụ ngwa nkwado dị ka CanariCam, igwefoto nwere ike ịmụ ìhè infrared dị n'etiti nke kpakpando na mbara ala na-ewepụta. CanariCam nwekwara ikike pụrụ iche iji gosipụta ntụzịaka nke ìhè polarized na igbochi ìhè kpakpando na-egbuke egbuke, na-eme ka a hụkwuo mbara ala.

Anyị na-agụkarịkwa n'usoro mgbasa ozi banyere nchọpụta e ji igwe teliskop abụọ mee. Mmegwara I na II nwere enyo nke 10 m nke ọ bụla, nke dị na WM Kecka observatory, na nso nzuko nke ugwu mgbawa nke Hawaii Mauna Kea. Igwe onyonyo ejikọrọ ọnụ na-etolite Keck interferometer, ịbụ otu n'ime ndị kasị ibu n'ụwa.

Mahadum California na Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory malitere imepụta akụrụngwa a na 1977. Onye ọchụnta ego America na onye ọrụ ebere Howard B. Keck nyere $70 nde achọrọ maka owuwu. Ịrịgoro Kek-1 malitere na 1985.

3. Ntụnyere nha nke teliskop ndị dabere n'ala:

1. Igwe onyonyo dị ukwuu, 2. Igwe onyonyo dị oke egwu, 3. Keck Telescopes (Keck I na Keck II), 4. Telescope Mita iri atọ, 5. Canary Large Telescope (Gran Telescopio Canarias), 6th Subaru Telescope, 7th South Africa nnukwu teliskop. . , Igwefoto nka nka ohuru nke asatọ, igwe onyonyo Magellanic nke 8, igwe onyonyo nyocha synoptic buru ibu nke iri

Ndị na-ekiri ihe na-ewu ewu na-eto eto ma nyekwa onyinye ndị ọzọ nke mere ka a mata Keck 2. N'afọ 2004, a na-eji usoro laser nke mbụ adaptive optics na nnukwu teliskop ebe a, nke na-emepụta ebe kpakpando artificial bara uru mgbe ị na-ele anya na mbara igwe dị ka onye nduzi. . iji dozie mgbagha ikuku.

Otu n'ime teliskop anya kacha ama ama South Africa nnukwu teliskop (SLT), ngwa ngwa anya nke dabeere na ala kachasị na mpaghara ndịda, lekwasịrị anya na nyocha spectroscopic. Ngosipụta mbụ ya nwere enyo hexagon 91.

N'ihi ọnọdụ ya, SALT nwere ike ịse foto na-adịghị adị maka ndị na-ekiri ihe na mpaghara ugwu. Otu mba ndị mejupụtara: Germany, Great Britain, New Zealand, India, South Africa, USA na ... Poland na-akwado telescope ahụ.

Nhazi ọzọ, mara ọ bụghị naanị na mpaghara mbara igwe, Nnukwu teliskop ejima (Telescope Binocular buru ibu, LBT). Igwe onyonyo abụọ nke teliskop bụ monolithic, nke ọ bụla nwere dayameta nke 8,4 m. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke enyo enyo bụ 111 m2. Ya mere, ike nke LBT dị ka teliskop otu-enyo nwere dayameta nke 11,8 m.

Subaru, telescope Japanese na-arụ ọrụ na ìhè a na-ahụ anya na oke infrared, nke a na-akpọ optics na-arụ ọrụ, nwere enyo monolithic na dayameta nke 8,3 m (nke 8,2 m na-eji maka nlele), nke e mere site na ịgbado ọkụ 55. nke ukwuu hexagonal, ngalaba. Ejiri ya na ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ 261 iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka mgbagha ọ bụla nke enyo. Ngwa a dị na Hawaiian Mauna Kea Observatory.

Akọrọ, uzo na enweghị ndị mmadụ

n'ezie Nlebanya a dị n'elu bụ naanị mmalite nke njem na isi obodo nke mbara igwe ụwa, nke bụ mpaghara Desert Atacama na Chile. Ọ bụ n'ebe a ka e wuru ụlọ telescope kasị ukwuu na nke kachasị ike n'ụwa. A na-akwado ha site na ọnọdụ okike dị ka ikuku kpọrọ nkụ nke ukwuu, mbara igwe doro anya na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala..

Ya mere, e nwere, dịka ọmụmaatụ, akụkụ ndịda Gemini Observatory, nke nwere teliskop anya abụọ dị mita 8,1 dị n'ebe abụọ dị iche iche n'ụwa. A haziri ma rụọkwa teliskop ejima a nke gụnyere US, UK, Canada, Chile, Brazil, Argentina na Australia. Otu n'ime telescopes ejima ugwu (Gemini North, nke a makwaara dị ka Frederick C. Gillette Telescope) ka e wuru na Mauna Kea. Nke abụọ - Ụlọ ndị nwere ọkara nke ndịda (Gemini South) - Ewubere na elu 2500 m n'elu oke osimiri, n'Ugwu Cerro Pajon na Chile Andes.

A na-ewere ya ugbu a dị ka ụlọ nyocha mbara igwe kacha ibu. Igwe onyonyo dị ukwuu (VLT, Nnukwu ma ọ bụ Nnukwu, Telescope), nke European Southern Observatory (ESO) nwere. Ọ bụ set nke telescopes anya anọ nwere ihe ngbanwe na ihe na-arụ ọrụ, nke nwere dayameta enyo nke 8,2 m nke ọ bụla (2), nke ejiri igwe teliskop anya anọ na-agbanwe agbanwe na dayameta nke 1,8 m maka ọmụmụ interferometric.

A na-akpọ nnukwu teliskop Antu, Kuyen, Melipal na Yepun, nke jikọtara ya na akụkọ ifo nke ndị India obodo. Na mgbakwunye na ha, mgbagwoju nwere a VISTA (Ahụhụ na Infrared Survey Telescope maka Astronomy) teliskop na enyo dayameta nke 4,1 m na VST (VLT Survey Telescope) na mirror dayameta nke 2,6 m.

VLT dị na Paranal observatory n'elu ugwu nke Cerro Paranal (2635 m n'elu oké osimiri larịị), na Atacama Desert. N'elu ugwu bụ otu n'ime ebe kpọrọ nkụ n'ụwa. Igwe teliskop anọ bụ isi na-edobere n'ụlọ a na-achịkwa okpomọkụ. Nhazi a na-ebelata mmetụta ọjọọ nke na-emetụta ọnọdụ nlele, dị ka ikuku ikuku na tube teliskop, nke nwere ike ime n'ihi mgbanwe okpomọkụ na ifufe. Dị ka ESO si kwuo, VLT nwere ike "ịrụgharị ihe oyiyi na mkpebi angular na millisecond nso, nke yiri ịhụ ọkụ ọkụ ụgbọ ala abụọ na Ọnwa si Ụwa."

Igwe onyonyo telescopic kachasị na-arụ ọrụ n'ụwa

• Telescope Grand Canary (GTC): ọrụ - 2002-2008 / dayameta - 10,4 m / ọnọdụ - Roque de los Muchachos Observatory, Canary Islands, Spain

• Telescope Hobby'ego-Eberly'ego: 1996/10 m / McDonald Observatory, Texas, USA

• Mmegwara I na II: 1993-1996 / 10 m / Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii, USA

• Telescope South Africa buru ibu: 2005 / 9,2 m / South Africa Astronomical Observatory, Northern Cape, RPA

• Teliskop buru ibu nke oghere abụọ: 2004 / 8,4 m / Ugwu Graham International Observatory, Arizona, USA

• Telescope Subaru (JNLT): 1999 / 8,2 m / Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii, USA

• Antu, Kueyen, Melipal, Yepun (Telescope buru ibu, VLT): 1998-2001 / 8,2 m / Paranal Observatory, Antofagasta Mpaghara, Chile

• Ejima North na South: 1999-2001 / 8,1 m / Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii, USA na Cerro Pachon (CTIO), mpaghara Coquimbo, Chile

• Teleskop MMT (telescope ọtụtụ enyo): 2000 R. / 6,5 m / Whipple Observatory, Arizona, USA

• Magellan 1 na 2: 2000-2002 / 6,5m / Las Campanas Observatory, Atacama Region, Chile

Ọdịnihu (nke a na-ejighị n'aka)

Enwere ike degharịa nhazi nke telescopes kachasị elu nke ala n'ime afọ ole na ole. A ga-ewu ụlọ mita XNUMX na Mauna Kea Igwe teliskop iri atọ (TMT) nwere atụmatụ mmefu ego ruru ijeri $1,4 (4). Oghere ya a na-eme atụmatụ (dayameta nke oghere nke ìhè si abanye) ji okpukpu itoolu ka elu nke enyo Keck, a na-atụkwa anya na ọ ga-emepụta ihe oyiyi nwere okpukpu iri na abụọ mkpebi nke ndị a na-etinye na orbit. Hubble Space Telescope.

4. Nlegharị anya nke teliskop dị mita iri atọ na Hawaii.

Chile na-ewu ndị Europe Igwe onyonyo buru oke ibu (Telescope buru ibu nke ukwuu, ELT), nwere oghere nke 39 m (5). Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ, ọ ga-abụ usoro kachasị ukwuu nke ụdị ya na-arụ ọrụ na mpaghara ọkụ a na-ahụ anya na ụwa (6) na.

5. Nlegharị anya nke igwe onyonyo nke ukwuu

Ekwesịrị ịmalite TMT na ELT gburugburu 2024, n'agbanyeghị na nke a adịghị mkpa ma ọlị n'ihe banyere nke mbụ. Ọrụ TMT na-arụ ọrụ kemgbe 90s. A chụpụrụ shọvel mbụ n'ime ala naanị na 2014, n'oge na-adịghịkwa anya, a kwụsịrị ọrụ ahụ n'ihi mkpesa nke ụmụ amaala Hawaii megide ntinye nke teliskop n'ugwu nsọ ha bụ Mauna Kea. Ikpe malitere. N'afọ gara aga, ụlọikpe kacha elu nke Hawaii kpebiri maka ikike ụlọ, mana ọ nwere ike ịga n'ihu?

6. Tụnyere nha nke ELT chọrọ na ámá egwuregwu Etihad na Manchester.

Nnukwu mbara ụwa nke atọ akwadoro bụ Giant Magellanic Telescope na Las Campanas Observatory na Chile. Ngosipụta ya bụ isi ga-enwe akụkụ asaa nke ọ bụla 8,4 m n'obosara, na-enye mkpebi kwekọrọ na otu enyo 24,5 m na dayameta (7).

7. Nnukwu teliskop Magellanic - anya

Afọ ole na ole gara aga, a tụrụ anya GMT ịmalite ọrụ na 2021. Taa ka ekwuputala ụbọchị n'ime afọ atọ. Ndị na-enyocha mbara igwe na-ekwu na teliskop ga-adị ike nke ukwuu iji nye anyị echiche kpọmkwem banyere mbara ala ndị dị na sistemụ kpakpando ndị ọzọ, nwee ike ịchọpụta ìhè site n'oge mbụ nke eluigwe na ala, na ikekwe nyere aka ịza ajụjụ ndị kasị ukwuu na mbara igwe ọgbara ọhụrụ, gụnyere otú ụyọkọ kpakpando si etolite. Ihe gbara ọchịchịrị na ike gbara ọchịchịrị, yana kpakpando mgbe Big Bang gasịrị.

Ewuru na Chile. Nnukwu igwe onyonyo Synoptic Survey (LSST, Great Telescope for Synoptic Surveillance Observing) dabere na echiche na nnukwu enyo abụghị mgbe niile isi ihe iji wuo teliskop kacha mma. Ọ ga-enwe enyo nwere oghere nke "naanị" 8,4 m na dayameta (n'ozuzu ka buru ibu), ma ọ na-akwụ ụgwọ ya na nso na ọsọ. Emebere ya ka ọ nyochaa mbara igwe abalị dum kama ilekwasị anya na ebumnuche onye ọ bụla - iji igwefoto dijitalụ kacha ukwuu n'ụwa weghara vidiyo oge agba agba.

Dị ka ụlọ ọrụ LSST si kwuo, bụ́ nke na-eji Ngalaba Energy Energy na National Science Foundation na-arụ teliskop ahụ, "LSST ga-enye maapụ akụkụ atọ na-enwetụbeghị ụdị ya nke nkesa nke igwe mmadụ na mbara igwe" nke nwere ike ime ka ìhè dị omimi na ike ọchịchịrị dị omimi. nke na-eme ka mgbasawanye nke oghere dị ngwa ngwa. Ọ ga-enye ohere maka nchịkọta zuru ezu nke usoro mbara igwe nke anyị, gụnyere asteroids nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ ruo 100 m n'ịdị elu. A na-ahazi ọrụ nke ngwaọrụ ahụ maka 2022.

Ntị dị ukwuu karịa anya

Otu n'ime ngwá ọrụ mbara igwe a kacha amata n'ụwa na-arụ ọrụ kemgbe 1963 na nso Arecibo, Puerto Rico. Ọ bụ teliskop redio nwere dayameta antenna nke 305 m, nke buru ibu karịa enyo nke telescope ọ bụla dị ugbu a ma ọ bụ atụmatụ nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 40 m. aluminum panel.

A na-eji usoro a na mbara igwe redio, ikuku ikuku na nyocha radar site n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ: Mahadum Cornell, SRI International, USRA, na Mahadum Metropolitan nke Puerto Rico na mmekorita ya na National Science Foundation. A na-enye ngalaba sayensị ohere ịnweta teliskop na ndabere nke ngwa ndị kọmishọna nọọrọ onwe ha nyochara. Site na 1963 ruo 2016, teliskop redio nwere otu efere kasị ukwuu n'ụwa. Naanị na 2016 ka ukwuu telescope redio FAST na China.

Ọdịdị nke Arecibo dome bụ okirikiri (ọ bụghị parabolic dị ka ọtụtụ telescopes redio). Nke a bụ n'ihi otú e si egosi telescope redio na mgbaàmà - efere ahụ na-eguzo, ma onye nata na-emegharị. A na-etinye onye na-anata n'onwe ya na nhazi 900-ton, kwụsịtụrụ na elu 150 m na eriri iri na asatọ, na-edozi na nkwado ihe atọ a kwadoro. Ọkwa nke abụọ na nke atọ na-elekwasị anya na ebili mmiri na-egosipụta na antenna. Ntugharị nke onye nata na-eme ka o kwe omume iduzi teliskop redio n'ebe ọ bụla nke cone 40-degree gburugburu zenith.

Igwe teliskop redio Arecibo emeela ka ọtụtụ nchọpụta sayensị ama ama kwe omume. Ekele dịrị ya:

• N'April 7, 1964, ihe na-erughị ọnwa isii ka e nyechara ya ọrụ, Mercury mere anyanwụ ọ bụghị na 88, kama n'ime ụbọchị 59;
• na 1968, nchọta nke oge (33 ms) redio pulses sitere na Crab Nebula nyere ihe akaebe mbụ maka ịdị adị nke kpakpando neutron;
• na 1974, Russell Alan Hulse na Joseph Hooton Taylor chọpụtara usoro ọnụọgụ abụọ nke mbụ nke pulsars na site n'enyemaka ya nwalere izi ezi nke tiori nke relativity - nke ha mechara nweta Nrite Nobel na Physics;
• na 1990 onye Polish na-enyocha mbara igwe bụ Aleksander Wolschan tụrụ oge oscillation nke pulsar PSR 1257+12, nke nyere ya ohere ịchọpụta mbara ala atọ extrasolar mbụ na-agba ya gburugburu;
• N'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2008, a chọtara akụkụ prebiotic nke metamine na hydrogen cyanide n'ime galaxy Arp 220 ekele maka nyocha spectroscopy redio.

Otu n'ime ngwa mbara igwe kachasị ukwuu dabere na ala bụ sistemu antenna redio. Atacama Nnukwu milimita/Submillimeter Array (ALMA). Ha dị n'ugwu Chainantor dị na Andes Chile, n'ebe dị elu karịa mita ise. Ebe a na-enyocha mbara igwe dị elu nke na ndị na-enyocha mbara igwe na-arụ ọrụ ebe ahụ ga-eji mkpuchi ikuku oxygen. Ọ nwere teliskop redio 5 emebere nke ọma na dayameta mita 66 na 12. ALMA bụ akụkụ nke Event Horizon otu nke “hụrụ” oghere ojii n'oge na-adịbeghị anya.

ALMA na-arụ ọrụ na nso nke 31,3-950 GHz. Ọ nwere nghọta na mkpebi dị elu karịa telescopes submillimeter wavelength dị ugbu a dị ka James Clerk Maxwell Telescope ma ọ bụ netwọk teliskop redio ndị ọzọ dị ka. Ihe mmetụta Submillimeter (SMA) Oraz IRAM Plateau de Bure.

Radiation nke ogologo ebili mmiri a na-abịakarị site na ihe oyi na nke kacha dị anya na mbara igwe, gụnyere site n'ígwé ojii gas na uzuzu nke a mụrụ kpakpando ọhụrụ, na site na ụyọkọ kpakpando ndị dị anya na nsọtụ nke eluigwe na ala a na-ahụ anya. Achọpụtabeghị oghere dị n'ogologo ogologo oge ndị a nke ọma, n'ihi na nleba anya bara uru chọrọ ngwá ọrụ dị na ebe na-ekwe nkwa ọ bụghị naanị ọnọdụ ihu igwe dị mma maka nlele, kamakwa oke iru mmiri.

8. Nleta n'usoro nke square kilomita na Western Australia.

A na-eme atụmatụ netwọk nke telescopes redio na ngụkọta nke 1 km ruo ọtụtụ afọ² - N'usoro kilometa square (SKA). A ga-ewu ya na mpaghara ndịda, na South Africa na Australia (8), ebe nlele nke Milky Way kacha dị mfe yana ebe nnyonye anya electromagnetic dị ntakịrị. A na-atụ anya na a ga-enwe ihe karịrị 100 puku. antennas ugboro dị ala dị na Australia na ọtụtụ narị antennas na South Africa. Mgbe emechara ntọala a, SKA ga-abụ eze teliskop redio, nke nwere ọgụgụ isi ugboro 50 karịa teliskop redio ọ bụla arụtụrụla. Ike dị otú ahụ pụrụ ịmụ ihe mgbaàmà nke eluigwe na ala ijeri afọ 12 gara aga! Mgbagwoju anya ga-arụ ọrụ n'ogo ugboro site na 70 MHz ruo 10 GHz.

Anthony Schinkel, onye isi ụlọ ọrụ akụrụngwa CSIRO SKA, ụlọ ọrụ nyocha Australia nke na-ahụ maka akụkụ Australia nke ọrụ ahụ, gwara ndị mgbasa ozi.

-

Ntinye ego ahụ chọrọ akụrụngwa pụrụ iche, gụnyere ebe 65 sq.m. eriri fiber optic eji ebufe data sitere na antennas gaa na ngwaọrụ SKA supercomputer.

A na-atụ anya na ọ ga-arụ ọrụ na 2030. Ndị otu mba ụwa na-arụ ebe a na-ahụ anya, nke gụnyere Australia, Great Britain, Canada, China, India, Italy, New Zealand, Sweden na Netherlands, yana Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar. , Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia na Zambia.

N'afọ gara aga, na Julaị, South Africa nabatara ya. MeerKAT netwọk telescopic redio, ihe n'usoro nke 64 antennas na ọkara kpọrọ nkụ nke Karoo mpaghara. Antenna ọ bụla dị mita 13,5 na dayameta, ha na-arụkọkwa ọrụ dị ka otu nnukwu teliskop, nke e mere iji nakọta akara redio site na mbara igwe. N'ọdịniihu, ọ ga-abụ akụkụ nke a kpọtụrụ aha n'usoro ihe dị n'etiti etiti kọntinent nke square kilomita. Mgbe mmalite nke MeerKAT gasịrị, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị jikọtara ike MeerLITCH Optical Telescopemaka nyocha ngwa anya na redio n'otu oge nke ihe ngosi oghere.

Paul Groot nke Mahadum Radboud dị na Netherlands gwara ndị AFP.

Nnukwu teliskop redio ahụ e kwuru n'elu ỌR. (9), nke China wuru na Guizhou Province, nwere teliskop okirikiri dị mita XNUMX nke nwere dayameta nnukwu efere dị ka ogige egwuregwu iri atọ. Dị ka teliskop redio Arecibo, a na-eji ya eme antenna isi na ihe mmetụta na-emegharị emegharị n'elu dome ya, ya mere ọ nwere ike nyochaa ihe ndị na-adịghị na zenith - ma nwee ike nyochaa ihe ndị dị anya na zenith karịa ngwa Arecibo.

9. Igwe onyonyo redio ngwa ngwa na China

ỌR. Na-arụ ọrụ na nso nke 0,7-3 GHz. Ebumnuche nke nyocha telescope redio bụ mkpokọta hydrogen na-anọpụ iche na Milky Way na ụyọkọ kpakpando ndị ọzọ, nchọpụta nke pulsars (ma na ụyọkọ kpakpando anyị na nke ọzọ), ọmụmụ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe dị na mbara igwe interstellar, ịchọ kpakpando agbanwe agbanwe na ọchụchọ. maka ndụ extraterrestrial (n'ime usoro nke mmemme SET). A na-atụ anya na FAST ga-enwe ike ịchọpụta nnyefe mgbaàmà nke mmepeanya ndị ọbịa n'ebe dị anya karịa 1 mita. afọ ọkụ.

A na-atụ anya ịmalite ngwa ngwa na njedebe nke 2019. Otú ọ dị, n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, China kwadoro atụmatụ iji wuo teliskop redio ọzọ, ọbụna nke ka ukwuu. A na-atụ anya ịmalite ọrụ na 2023.

Igwe teliskop redio dabere n'ala kachasị ukwuu

• Telescope Spherical nwere oghere XNUMXm (FAST): inye ọrụ - 2019 (atụmatụ) / dayameta antenna parabolic - 500 m / ọnọdụ - Pingtang, Guizhou Province, China

• Arecibo Observatory: 1963/305 m / Arecibo, Puerto Rico

• Telescope redio Zeleny Bank im. Robert S. Beard: 2002/100 afọ 110 m / Green Bank, West Virginia, USA

• Igwefoto redio Effelsberg: 1971/100 m / Bad-Münstereifel, Germany

• Igwe onyonyo redio Lowell: 1957/76 m / Jodrell Bank Observatory, Macclesfield na Cheshire, UK

Ọhụụ nke mbara igwe na-akụda mmụọ

N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, anyị dere banyere teliskop mbara igwe na akụkọ dị iche, n'oge njedebe nke ọrụ ha. Igwe teliskop Kepler. Kemgbe ahụ, e nweela ọtụtụ ọdịda na-eme ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, karịsịa na US, na-echegbu onwe ha maka "anya ha na mbara igwe". Igwe teliskop mbara mbara, bụ́ nke malitere oge ha n’afọ 1990, na-aka nká ọ gwụla ma ha akwụsịbeghị ọrụ ma ọ bụ agbajikwa. O nwekwaghị ikike ma ọ bụ ọchịchọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọ ga-eji dochie ha.

E hiwere mmemme nleba anya oghere ozugbo na 70s na 80s ma nwee nnukwu ọrụ telescopic anọ na-ekpuchi ụdị ọkụ niile dị na mbara igwe.

Compton Gamma Observatory e ji ya weghara ihe mgbawa kacha ike na mbara igwe.

Spitzer Space Telescope ejirila ya chọọ ụzarị ọkụ infrared sitere na exoplanets na kpakpando amụrụ ọhụrụ.

Chandra X-ray Observatory nwere ike inyocha omimi nke oghere ojii na ihe akaebe achọpụtara maka ịdị adị nke ihe gbara ọchịchịrị na ike gbara ọchịchịrị. Ihe kacha pụta ìhè nke ihe ngosi ahụ bụ, n'ezie, ìhè na-ahụ anya na ultraviolet. Hubble Space Telescope.

Telescope Comptona ọ kwụsịrị ịrụ ọrụ n'afọ 2000 mgbe nsogbu dị na gyroscope ya, bụ́ nke kwere ka teliskop ahụ na-agbagharị, kwụsịrị ngwaọrụ ahụ. Spitzer na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-apụ na Ụwa ma kwụsị ọrụ ya mgbe ọ tụfuru kọntaktị na ebe iwu n'afọ na-esote. A tụrụ anya ọnwụ a, mana ihe isi ike ndị ahụ z Hubble na Chandra, bụ́ ndị pụtara ná mmalite nke afọ, bụ ọdachi ndị a na-atụghị anya ya.

Ọ bụ ezie na Chandra laghachiri na netwọk ahụ ụbọchị ole na ole mgbe ọdịda nke otu gyroscopes na-amanye teliskop n'ime ọnọdụ nchekwa, a na-edozikwa nsogbu Hubble, ma ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na US na-amụnye mgbaàmà ịdọ aka ná ntị. Ha chere na ngwaọrụ ndị a akwụsịghị ruo mgbe ebighị ebi, na taa ọ dịghị ihe dị nso na mbara igwe nke pụrụ n'ụzọ dị irè dochie mbara mbara igwe akụrụngwa.

Ọrụ ọkọlọtọ nke NASA na-ahụ maka oghere na-aga n'ihu James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)ma ọrụ nke 10 ijeri unit a na-egbu oge mgbe niile - n'ihi imewe ma ọ bụ mmejọ itinye ego. NASA kwuputara n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na Webb agaghị ebido ruo 2021 na mbụ.

Ọbụlagodi na ọ ga-aga nke ọma, JWST na-enye naanị nleba anya infrared. Atụmanya maka nyocha n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ụdị ọkụ dị iche iche adịghị mma. A maghị ihe ga-anọchi teliskop Hubble.

NASA anaghịkwa eme atụmatụ inwe nnukwu ụlọ nyocha X-ray dị njikere ịga n'ihu na ozi Chandra. N'otu ụzọ, kama Compton, nke nta pụtara Igwe teliskop FermiOtú ọ dị, ọ dị afọ iri ugbu a, nke pụtara na ọ gafeela oge ịgba ọsọ a tụrụ anya ya ruo ihe dị ka afọ ise. Ya mere, a na-atụ anya na Hubble ga-anọgide na orbit ruo opekempe 2027, na ikekwe ọbụna karịa, ruo mgbe JWST ga-emecha na mbara.

Ọ dabara nke ọma, ụlọ ọrụ oghere mba ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ na mmemme yiri nke ahụ, mana mmejuputa ha ga-ewekwa oge. European Space Agency na-ewu ụlọ X-ray Observatory ATHENAnke a ga-amalite na 30s.

N'afọ 2016, China mara ọkwa na ọ ga-ewu teliskop anya nke ya nke nwere ihe nlele ugboro XNUMX karịa Hubble. Agbanyeghị, amabeghị mgbe. N'ime mbara igwe, Otú ọ dị, anyị enweelarị netwọk nke "ndị na-eme nchọpụta ndị obere na ndị na-ajụ ase" nke na-eri ihe na-erughị nnukwu ọrụ. A chụrụ otu n'ime ha n'ọrụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya Satellite Exploration Exoplanet na-ebugharị (TESS)iji chọta ụwa amaghị.

Kedu ihe a ga-emepụta teliskop ma ziga n'ime oghere na njedebe, ndị a na-akpọ US ga-ekpebi. Nyocha afọ iri NASA, ahaziri maka 2020. Ọ ga-atụle, karịsịa, ohere nke imejuputa ọrụ ahụ Nnukwu onye nyocha infrared Optical Ultraviolet (LUVOIR), nke nwere dayameta enyo nke 15 m. A na-ewere ya dị ka ụdị teliskop Hubble dị mma. Dị ka Hubble, ngwá ọrụ a ga-ahụ eluigwe na ụwa na ultraviolet, infrared na ogologo wavelength a na-ahụ anya.

Ọrụ ọzọ a na-atụle Exoplanet Observatory (HabEx). Ebumnuche ya bụ ịhụ exoplanets nwere ike ibi gburugburu kpakpando anyanwụ. HabEx ga-eji nnukwu kpakpando (10) egbochi ọkụ kpakpando, na-enye ohere ka teliskop mụọ exoplanets n'ụzọ zuru ezu na-enwetụbeghị ụdị ya.

10. Nlegharị anya nke ọrụ nke oghere coronograph (ndò kpakpando)

Onye ga-anọchi Chandra lynx, igwe teliskop oghere a tụrụ aro nke ga-emepe oghere "adịghị ahụ anya" na oke ọkụ X-ray dị elu. N'ikpeazụ, e nwere imewe Mmalite Space Telescope bụ ebe a na-ahụ maka infrared dị anya nke ga-abanye n'ígwé ojii iji hụ nke ọma kpakpando na mbara ala ndị dị n'ógbè ndị na-emepụta kpakpando.

Enwere ike ịtụle ha ụdị ọgbọ ọzọ. Herschel Space Observatory, ozi ndị Europe nke hụrụ eluigwe na ụwa na infrared ruo afọ anọ ma mechaa na 2013.

Na-emeziwanye ihe nchọpụta ebili mmiri ndọda

Ndị nchọpụta LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory) na ndị na-achọpụta Virgo n'April ka ezumike gachara malitekwa ịchụ nta maka oge oghere, ya bụ, ebili mmiri ndọda.

Echiche anyị nke mmetụ ihu igwe nwere ike ịhụ ịma jijiji ndị a ọzọ.

- kwuru Prof. Christopher Berry nke Mahadum Northwwest USA.

Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ha atụlewo nkukota oghere ojii iri na otu nkukota n'etiti kpakpando neutron abụọ - ihe dị oke egwu dị nso na oke anyanwụ, mana ọ dịghị ibu karịa obere obodo. Agbanyeghị, ugbu a, naanị ịchọpụta ebili mmiri ndọda abụghịzi ebumnuche kacha atọ ụtọ. Taa, ndị na-achọpụta ihe na-arụ otu nzube ahụ dị ka teliskop, ma kama ọkụ ha na-atụ ike ndọda.

N'ọnwa Febụwarị nke afọ a, ụlọ ọrụ America na Britain kwupụtara na a ga-emeziwanye ihe nchọpụta ebili mmiri nke LIGO n'ọdịnihu.

National Science Foundation ga-atụnye aka na ọrụ a LIGO Plus (ALIGO+) gbatịrị agbatị $20,4 nde, yana nyocha UK na-agbakwunye nde $13,7 ọzọ. Australia ga-enyekwa onyinye ego. Mgbatị ahụ ga-emetụta ebe abụọ ebe LIGO dị. Dị ka akụkụ nke nke a, a ga-eme ka ngwaọrụ ahụ dịkwuo mma, gụnyere oghere oghere dị mita 300 nke ga-enye gị ohere ịmegharị ihe onwunwe nke lasers eji na-achọpụta ihe ma belata ụda azụ.

LIGO nwere interferometer abụọ nwere ụdị L, otu na Hanford, Washington na nke ọzọ na Livingston, Louisiana. Ha abụọ interferometer dị 4 km ogologo. LIGO na-arụ ọrụ site na 2002-2010, wee mechie maka mgbasawanye wee malite ọzọ na 2015. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ekele ya, e mere nchọpụta a ma ama nke ebili mmiri ndọda. Kemgbe ahụ, onye na-ahụ maka nyocha ahụ emeela obere mgbasawanye nke meworo ka uche ya dịkwuo ihe dịka 50%.

ALIGO + ga-abụ ngwá ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma karịa ntọala eji eme ihe ugbu a. Ka ọ na-erule 2022, a na-atụ anya na onye nchọta ga-edebanye aha ọtụtụ mmemme ndọda kwa ụbọchị n'ihi mmụba na teknụzụ nchọpụta.

Mgbasawanye ahụ ga-abawanye ọ bụghị naanị ugboro ole, kamakwa àgwà nke nleba anya. N'ihi mbelata mkpọtụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ga-enwe ike ikpebi otú oghere ojii si agbagharị tupu njikọ ahụ. Anyị enweghị ike ime nleba anya dị otú ahụ ugbu a. Ụlọ oghere ga-ebelata nrụgide na enyo ma belata mgbanwe foton. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, enyo ga-enweta mkpuchi ọhụrụ, nke kwesịrị ibelata ụda okpomọkụ site na ihe anọ. Ọrụ mbụ emere n'okpuru ALIGO+ kwesịrị ịmalite gburugburu 2023.

11. Ntụle nke enyo nha maka telescopes dị na nke zubere.

A na-emekwa atụmatụ ịrụ ya Ihe nchọpụta ebili mmiri nke mbara igwe LISA Pathfinder. Otú ọ dị, nke a bụ ọdịnihu dị anya - nke mbụ 30s.

***

Nnukwu nchọpụta ndị anyị na-eji ngwá ọrụ mbara igwe dị ike na-agba anyị ume ka anyị wuo ihe nleba anya ọhụrụ, dị ike na nke nwere mmetụta (11). Ọ bụrụ na anyị enweghị ike ife efe n'akụkụ dị anya nke ohere ugbu a, mgbe ahụ, ọ dịkarịa ala, anyị na-agbalị ileba anya n'ime ha nke ọma ka anyị nwere ike. Anyị na-atụ anya na uche anyị nke mbara igwe ga-agwa anyị ebe anyị ga-aga ozugbo anyị nwere ikike nka maka njem ngwa ngwa na nke miri emi.