Ndị na-egbu okpuru mmiri. Aviation na ọgụ megide ụgbọ mmiri okpuru mmiri Kriegsmarine akụkụ 3
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Ndị na-egbu okpuru mmiri. Aviation na ọgụ megide ụgbọ mmiri okpuru mmiri Kriegsmarine akụkụ 3

28.07.2022 /

Onye na-ebu ụgbọ elu USS Guadalcanal (CVE-60). Enwere ndị Avengers 12 na Wildcats itoolu nọ n'ụgbọ ahụ.

Ọdịnihu nke U-Bootwaffe na 1944–1945 na-egosipụta ọdịda nwayọ mana enweghị atụ nke ndị agha nke atọ Reich. Uru dị ukwuu nke ndị Allies na ikuku, n'oké osimiri na na cryptography mechara mee ka akpịrịkpa ahụ nweta ihu ọma ha. N'agbanyeghị ihe ịga nke ọma dịpụrụ adịpụ na iwebata ngwọta nkà na ụzụ ọhụrụ, ụgbọ mmiri okpuru mmiri nke Kriegsmarine kwụsịrị inwe mmetụta ọ bụla na-aga n'ihu nke agha ahụ ma nwee ike, ma ọ kacha mma, "na-efega na nsọpụrụ" na ala.

Ihe nkiri nke mbata ndị jikọrọ aka na Norway ma ọ bụ France pụtara na a kwụsịrị ọtụtụ ndị agha okpuru mmiri nke Kriegsmarine maka ihe nchebe. Na Atlantic, submarines, ahaziri na gbasasịa iche iche, ga-anọgide na-arụ ọrụ megide convoys, ma na a obere ọnụ ọgụgụ na naanị na ya n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ akụkụ, iji wakpo ndị agha ụgbọ mmiri ngwa ngwa o kwere omume na ihe omume nke amphibious ọdịda. kwere omume.

Dị ka nke January 1, 1944, e nwere 160 submarines na-eje ozi: 122 ụdị VIIB / C / D, 31 ụdị IXB / C (anaghị agụta ụdị abụọ VIIF torpedo bombers na isii obere ụdị II nkeji na Black Sea), ise "n'okpuru mmiri. cruisers ụdị IXD2, otu oyi akwa ụdị XB na otu ọkọnọ ụdị XIV (nke a na-akpọ "mmiri ehi"). A na-arụ 181 ọzọ na 87 nọ n'ọkwa ọzụzụ ndị ọrụ, mana ụgbọ mmiri ọhụrụ ahụ ezuruola ikpuchi mfu ugbu a. N’ọnwa Jenụwarị, e nyere ụgbọ mmiri okpuru mmiri 20, ma 14 funahụrụ; na February, ụgbọ mmiri 19 banyere ọrụ, ebe 23 kwụsịrị na steeti ahụ; na March e nwere 19 na 24, n'otu n'otu. N'ime ụgbọ mmiri ụgbọ mmiri 160 linear nke ndị Germany ji banye n'afọ nke ise nke agha ahụ, 128 dị na Atlantic, 19 na Norway, na 13 na Mediterranean. N'ime ọnwa ndị na-esote, na iwu Hitler, ike nke ìgwè abụọ ikpeazụ mụbara - na-efu nke ụgbọ mmiri Atlantic, ndị ọnụ ọgụgụ ha ji nwayọọ nwayọọ belata.

N'otu oge ahụ, ndị Germany nọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ịkwalite ngwá ọrụ nke ụgbọ mmiri okpuru mmiri iji mee ka ohere ha na-ebuso ụgbọ elu ọgụ. Ihe ndị a na-akpọ snorkels (snorkels) mere ka o kwe omume ịmịnye ikuku n'ime engine diesel ma na-ebunye gas na-ekpochapụ mgbe ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na-agagharị na omimi periscope. Ngwá ọrụ a na-eji nkà na ụzụ eme ihe, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ekwe ka ogologo njem na-eme njem na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla, nwere nnukwu ndọghachi azụ. Igwe ọkụ ọkụ dị n'ime, n'ihi ụda dị elu, mere ka ọ dị mfe ịchọta ụgbọ mmiri site na ihe ngosi ụda, yana anya, ekele maka ikuku ikuku na-ese n'elu mmiri. N'oge ahụ, ụgbọ mmiri ahụ bụ "ndị ogbi" (enweghị ike iji hydrophones) na "ìsì" (mgbaja siri ike mere ka ọ ghara ikwe omume iji periscope). Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, "notches" ahụ na-apụta na-ahapụ obere akara a na-ahụ anya n'elu mmiri, na ọnọdụ ihu igwe dị mma (oké osimiri dị nro) enwere ike ịchọta radar DIA. Ọbụna nke ka njọ, n'ihe banyere iju mmiri nke "snores" site na ebili mmiri nke oké osimiri, ngwaọrụ ahụ na-emechi ikuku ikuku na-akpaghị aka, nke engines malitere ịwepụ n'ime ụgbọ mmiri ahụ, nke na-eyi egwu ịkụda ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ. U-2 ghọrọ ụgbọ mmiri mbụ ejiri imi imi gaa na mkpọsa agha (Jenụwarị 539, sitere na Lorient).

N'ime afọ ikpeazụ nke agha ahụ, ọkọlọtọ set nke mgbochi ụgbọ elu egbe maka submarines nwere abụọ ejima 20 mm egbe na otu 37 mm egbe. Ndị Jamanị enweghị akụrụngwa akụrụngwa zuru oke, yabụ egbe egbe 37 mm ọhụrụ nwere akụkụ nke ihe ndị nwere ike imebi, nke butere mkpọchi egbe. A na-emeziwanye ihe nchọpụta radar mgbe niile, nke, mgbe ọ na-arịgo elu, gwara ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na radar nke ụgbọ elu ma ọ bụ ụgbọ mmiri na-efe efe na-enyocha ya. FuMB-10 Borkum set, nke dochie FuMB-9 Wanze (nke mmepụta na njedebe nke 1943), na-achọgharị n'ọtụtụ ebe, ma ọ ka nọ n'ime ogologo mita mita nke ndị okenye ASV Mk II radar. FuMB-7 Naxos gosipụtara na ọ dị irè karị, na-arụ ọrụ na 8 ruo 12 cm ogologo ogologo oge - ịchọpụta ihe ọhụrụ, 10 cm ASV Mk III na VI radar (iji S-band).

Ngwa ọzọ a ga-ebuso ndị agha niile jikọrọ aka bụ FuMT-2 Thetis simulator. Enyere ya ọrụ na Jenụwarị 1944, ekwesịrị iṅomi ụgbọ mmiri okpuru mmiri nke nwere nkwughachi radar wee kpasuo ọgụ megide ebumnuche a e chepụtara echepụta. Ọ nwere mast ọtụtụ mita dị elu, bụ nke a na-ejikọta antennas dipole na ya, na-agbanye n'elu mmiri nke na-ejide ngwa ahụ n'elu mmiri ahụ. Ndị Jamanị tụrụ anya na "ụta" ndị a, etinyere n'ọtụtụ buru ibu na Bay nke Biscay, ga-akụda ụgbọ elu ndị iro.

N'akụkụ Europe nke Atlantic, agha mgbochi ụgbọ mmiri nọgidere na-abụ ọrụ nke British Coastal Command, nke, dịka nke 1 Jenụwarị 1944, nwere ndị agha ndị a na-eji ya maka nzube a:

    • 15. Otu: Nọmba 59 na 86 Squadrons RAF (Liberatory Mk V/IIIA) na Ballykelly, Northern Ireland; Nke 201 Squadron RAF na Nọmba 422 na 423 Squadrons RCAF (Sunderland Mk III ụgbọ mmiri na-efe efe) na Archdale Castle, Northern Ireland;
    • 16. Otu: 415 Squadron RCAF (Wellington Mk XIII) na Bircham Newton, East Anglia; 547. Sqn RAF (Liberatory Mk V) na Thorney Island, ndịda England;
    • 18. Otu: Nke 210 Squadron RAF (Flying Boats Catalina Mk IB / IV) na Norwegian No. 330 Squadron RAF (Sunderland Mk II / III) na Sullom Vow, Shetland Islands;
    • 19. Otu: Nke 10 Squadron RAAF (Sunderland Mk II/III) na Ugwu Batten, South West England; Nke 228 Squadron RAF na Nke 461 Squadron RAAF (Sunderland Mk III) na Pembroke Dock, Wales; Nọmba 172 na 612 Squadron RAF na 407 Squadron RCAF (Wellington Mk XII/XIV) na Chivenor, South West England; 224. Squadron RAF (Liberatory Mk V) na St. Petersburg. Eval, Cornwall; VB-103, -105 na -110 (US Navy Liberator Squadrons, 7th Naval Air Wing, arụ ọrụ n'okpuru Coast Command) na Dunkswell, South West England; Nọmba 58 na 502 Squadrons RAF (Halifaxy Mk II) na St. Petersburg. Davids, Wales; Nke 53 na Czech No. 311 Squadron RAF (Liberatory Mk V) na Beaulieu, ndịda England; Polish No. 304 Squadron RAF (Wellington Mk XIV) na Predannak, Cornwall.

Nke 120 Squadron RAF (Liberatory Mk I/III/V) guzo na Reykjavik, Iceland; na Gibraltar 202 Squadron RAF (Cataliny Mk IB/IV) na 48 na 233 Squadron RAF (Hudsony Mk III/IIA/VI); na Langens, Azores, No. 206 na 220 Squadron RAF (Flying Fortresses Mk II/IIA), Nke 233 Squadron RAF (Hudson Mk III/IIIA) na unit nke 172 Squadron RAF (Wellington Mk XIV), na n'ime Algeria 500. Sqn RAF (Hudson Mk III/V na Ventury Mk V).

Na mgbakwunye, nkeji ndị nwere ndị agha Beaufighter na anwụnta, yana ọtụtụ ndị squadrons nke British Commonwealth na-arụ ọrụ na mpụga nke Coastal Command, n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Mediterranean na n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Africa, sonyere na omume megide ụgbọ mmiri okpuru mmiri. Ọtụtụ ndị agha ụgbọ mmiri US, Canada na Brazil na-echekwa ụsọ oké osimiri America, mana na 1944-1945, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ha enweghị onye ha na ha ga-alụ ọgụ. US Navy's 15th Airlift Wing (FAW-15) guzo na Morocco na atọ Liberator squadrons (VB-111, -112 na -114; ikpeazụ site na March): abụọ Venturs (VB-127 na -132) na otu Catalin (VP). -63).

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