Iron Age - Nkebi nke 3

Ihe kacha ọhụrụ banyere metal mbụ nke mmepeanya anyị na mmekọrịta ya. Nnwale ndị e mere ruo ugbu a egosila na nke a bụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị maka nyocha na ụlọ nyocha ụlọ. Nnwale nke taa agaghị abụ ihe na-atọ ụtọ ma ga-enye gị ohere ilele anya dị iche na akụkụ ụfọdụ nke kemistri.

Otu n'ime nnwale ndị dị na akụkụ mbụ nke isiokwu ahụ bụ oxidation nke iron (II) hydroxide na-acha aja aja (III) hydroxide na ngwọta nke H.₂O₂. Hydrogen peroxide na-emebi n'okpuru mmetụta nke ọtụtụ ihe, gụnyere ogige ígwè (ahụrụ ikuku oxygen na nnwale). Ị ga-eji mmetụta a gosi...

… Otu ihe mkpali na-arụ ọrụ

n'ezie eme ngwa ngwa mmeghachi omume, ma - ọ bara uru icheta - naanị nke nwere ike ime n'okpuru ọnọdụ enyere (ọ bụ ezie na mgbe ụfọdụ, nwayọọ nwayọọ, ọbụna na-enweghị ike). Otú ọ dị, e nwere nkwupụta na onye na-eme ihe na-eme ka mmeghachi omume dịkwuo ngwa, ma ọ dịghị etinye aka na ya. Hmm... kedu ihe e ji gbakwunye ya ma ọlị? Chemistry abụghị anwansi (mgbe ụfọdụ ọ na-adị m otú ahụ, yana "oji" iji buut), na iji nnwale dị mfe ị ga-ahụ ihe na-eme ka ọ na-eme ihe.

Buru ụzọ dozie ọnọdụ gị. Ị ga-achọ traị iji mee ka tebụl ghara iju mmiri, gloves nchebe, na enyo ma ọ bụ visor. Ị na-emekọ ihe na reagent caustic: perhydrol (30% hydrogen peroxide ngwọta H₂O₂) na ígwè (III) chloride ngwọta FeCl₃. Jiri amamihe mee ihe, karịsịa lekọta anya gị: akpụkpọ aka nke ọkụ na pehydrol na-amụba, ma anya adịghị eme ya. (1).

2. The evaporator n'aka ekpe nwere naanị mmiri, n'aka nri - mmiri na mgbakwunye nke perhydrol. Ị na-awụsa ihe ngwọta nke ígwè (III) chloride n'ime ha abụọ

3. Usoro mmeghachi omume ahụ, mgbe emechara ya, a na-emegharị ihe na-eme ka ọ dịghachi ndụ

Wunye n'ime onye na-ekpo ọkụ poselin ma gbakwunye mmiri okpukpu abụọ (mmeghachi omume na-ewerekwa hydrogen peroxide, ma n'ihe banyere 3% ngwọta, mmetụta ahụ adịghị ahụ anya). Ị nwetara ihe dị ka 10% ngwọta nke H₂O₂ (Perhydrol azụmahịa diluted 1: 2 na mmiri). Wunye mmiri zuru oke n'ime evaporator nke abụọ ka ụgbọ mmiri ọ bụla wee nwee otu mmiri mmiri (nke a ga-abụ usoro ntụaka gị). Ugbu a tinye 1-2 cm na steamer abụọ.³ 10% FeCl ngwọta₃ ma jiri nlezianya lelee ọganihu nke ule (2).

Na evaporator njikwa, mmiri mmiri nwere agba odo n'ihi ion Fe hydrated.³⁺. N'aka nke ọzọ, ọtụtụ ihe na-eme n'ime ụgbọ mmiri nwere hydrogen peroxide: ihe dị na ya na-agba aja aja, a na-ahapụ gas ahụ nke ọma, na mmiri mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ ma ọ bụ ọbụna na-esi ísì. A na-egosipụta njedebe nke mmeghachi omume site na nkwụsị nke evolushọn gas na mgbanwe na agba nke ọdịnaya na-acha odo odo, dị ka usoro nchịkwa (3). Ị bụ naanị onye akaebe catalytic Ntụgharị arụ ọrụ, ma ị maara ihe mgbanwe ndị mere na ụgbọ mmiri?

Agba aja aja na-abịa site na ogige ferrous na-etolite n'ihi mmeghachi omume ahụ:

Gas nke a na-esi na evaporator pụta bụ, n'ezie, oxygen (ị nwere ike ịlele ma ọkụ na-egbuke egbuke na-amalite ire ọkụ n'elu mmiri). Na nzọụkwụ ọzọ, ikuku oxygen ewepụtara na mmeghachi omume dị n'elu na-eme ka cations Fe.²⁺:

Fe ion eweghachitere³⁺ ha na-ekerekwa òkè ọzọ na mmeghachi omume mbụ. Usoro a na-agwụ mgbe ejiri hydrogen peroxide niile, nke ị ga-ahụ ka agba odo na-alaghachi na ọdịnaya nke evaporator. Mgbe ị na-amụba akụkụ abụọ nke nha nha mbụ abụọ ma tinye ya n'akụkụ na nke abụọ, wee kagbuo otu okwu ahụ n'akụkụ nke ọzọ (dị ka ọ dị na mgbakọ mgbakọ na mwepụ nkịtị), ị ga-enweta nhazi nzaghachi nkesa H.₂O₂. Biko mara na ọ dịghị ion ígwè na ya, ma iji gosi ọrụ ha na mgbanwe, pịnye ha n'elu akụ:

Hydrogen peroxide na-emebikwa n'otu oge dị ka nhata dị n'elu si dị (nke doro anya na enweghị ion ígwè), mana usoro a na-adị ngwa ngwa. Mgbakwunye nke onye na-eme ihe na-eme ka ọ gbanwee usoro mmeghachi omume na nke dị mfe iji mejuputa ya mere na-eme ka mgbanwe ahụ dum dịkwuo elu. Ya mere, gịnị kpatara echiche ahụ na ihe na-eme ka ọ ghara itinye aka na mmeghachi omume ahụ? Eleghị anya n'ihi na a na-emeghachi ya na usoro ahụ ma nọgide na-agbanwe agbanwe na ngwakọta nke ngwaahịa (na nnwale ahụ, agba odo nke Fe (III) ions na-eme ma tupu mmeghachi omume). Ya mere, cheta nke ahụ ihe na-akpali akpali na-etinye aka na mmeghachi omume ma bụrụ akụkụ na-arụ ọrụ.

Maka nsogbu na X.₂O₂

4. Catalase decomposes hydrogen peroxide (tube n'aka ekpe), na-agbakwunye ihe ngwọta EDTA na-ebibi enzyme (tube n'aka nri)

Enzymes bụkwa ihe na-akpali akpali, ma ha na-arụ ọrụ na sel nke ihe ndị dị ndụ. Nature ji ion ígwè na-arụ ọrụ emmepe nke enzymes, accelerating oxidation na mbelata mmeghachi omume. Nke a bụ n'ihi ntakịrị mgbanwe ndị a kpọtụrụ aha na valency nke ígwè (site na II ruo III na ntụgharị). Otu n'ime enzymes ndị a bụ catalase, nke na-echebe mkpụrụ ndụ site na ngwaahịa na-egbu egbu nke mgbanwe oxygen cell - hydrogen peroxide. Ị nwere ike nweta catalase n'ụzọ dị mfe: poteto mash ma wụsa mmiri n'elu poteto a wụsara. Ka nkwusioru ahụ daa n'ala ma tụfuo ihe dị elu.

Wunye 5 cm n'ime tube ule.³ wepụ nduku ma tinye 1 cm³ hydrogen peroxide. Ọdịnaya dị nnọọ ụfụfụ, ọ nwere ike ọbụna "pụọ" na tube ule, ya mere nwaa ya na tray. Catalase bụ enzyme na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma, otu molekul nke catalase nwere ike ịkụda ihe ruru nde mole H kwa nkeji.₂O₂.

Mgbe ịwụsa ihe ahụ n'ime tube ule nke abụọ, tinye 1-2 ml³ EDTA ngwọta (sodium edetic acid) na ọdịnaya na-agwakọta. Ọ bụrụ na ị tinye ugbu a ogbugba hydrogen peroxide, ị gaghị ahụ ihe ọ bụla ire ere nke hydrogen peroxide. Ihe kpatara ya bụ nhazi nke mgbagwoju ion siri ike na EDTA (nke a na-emeghachi omume na ọtụtụ ion metal, nke a na-eji chọpụta ma wepụ ha na gburugburu ebe obibi). Ngwakọta nke Fe ion³⁺ na EDTA gbochiri saịtị nke enzyme na-arụ ọrụ wee mebie catalase (4).

Mgbanaka agbamakwụkwọ nke ígwè

Na kemistri nyocha, njirimara nke ọtụtụ ion na-adabere na nguzobe nke ọnyà na-agbaze ntakịrị. Otú ọ dị, ileba anya ngwa ngwa na tebụl solubility ga-egosi na nitrate (V) na nitrate (III) anions (nsị nke mbụ ka a na-akpọ nitrates, na nke ikpeazụ - nitrite) anaghị etolite amụba.

Iron (II) sulfate FeSO na-abịa napụta n'ịchọpụta ion ndị a.₄. Kwadebe reagents. Na mgbakwunye na nnu a, ị ga-achọ ngwọta siri ike nke sulfuric acid (VI) H₂SO₄ na ngwọta 10-15% nke acid a diluted (kpachara anya mgbe ị na-atụgharị, na-awụsa, n'ezie, "acid n'ime mmiri"). Na mgbakwunye, nnu nwere anions achọpụtara, dị ka KNO₃, NWO₃, NWO₂. Kwadebe ngwọta FeSO gbasiri ike.₄ na ngwọta nke salts nke anions abụọ (otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke teaspoon nnu na-agbaze n'ihe dị ka 50 cm³ mmiri).

5. Nsonaazụ dị mma nke ule mgbanaka.

The reagents dị njikere, ọ bụ oge nnwale. Wunye 2-3 cm n'ime tubes abụọ³ FeSO ngwọta₄. Mgbe ahụ gbakwunye ntụsara ahụ ole na ole nke ngwọta N gbadoro ụkwụ.₂SO₄. Iji pipette, kpokọta aliquot nke ngwọta nitrite (dịka NaNO₂) ma wụsa ya ka ọ na-agbada na mgbidi nke tube ule (nke a dị mkpa!). N'otu aka ahụ, wụsa na akụkụ nke ngwọta saltpeter (dịka ọmụmaatụ, KNO₃). Ọ bụrụ na i jiri nlezianya wụsa ngwọta abụọ ahụ, okirikiri agba aja aja ga-apụta n'elu (ya mere aha a na-akpọkarị maka ule a - mmeghachi omume mgbanaka) (5). Mmetụta ahụ na-adọrọ mmasị, ma ị nwere ikike ịmechu ihu, ma eleghị anya ọbụna iwe (Nke a bụ nyocha nyocha, mgbe niile? Nsonaazụ bụ otu ihe ahụ na ikpe abụọ ahụ!).

Agbanyeghị, mee nnwale ọzọ. Oge a tinye dilute H.₂SO₄. Mgbe ewebata ngwọta nke nitrates na nitrites (dị ka ọ dị na mbụ), ị ga-ahụ nsonaazụ dị mma na naanị otu tube ule - nke nwere ngwọta NaNO.₂. N'oge a, ị nwere ike ọ nweghị okwu ọ bụla banyere uru nke mgbanaka mgbanaka: mmeghachi omume na obere acid acid na-enye gị ohere ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ion abụọ.

Usoro mmeghachi omume na-adabere na nbibi nke ụdị abụọ nke nitrate ion na ntọhapụ nke nitrogen oxide (II) NO (na nke a, ígwè ion na-oxidized site na abụọ ruo atọ-nọmba). Nchikota nke Fe (II) ion na NO nwere agba aja aja ma na-enye mgbanaka ahụ agba (ọ bụrụ na a na-eme ule ahụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi, site n'ịgwakọta ngwọta naanị ị ga-enweta agba ọchịchịrị nke tube ule, ma - ị ghaghị ekweta - ọ gaghị abụ mmetụta na-adọrọ mmasị dị otú ahụ). Otú ọ dị, ire ere nke ion nitrate chọrọ usoro mmeghachi omume acid siri ike, ebe nitrite na-achọ naanị acidification dị nro, ya mere ọdịiche dị na ule ahụ.

Ígwè na ọrụ nzuzo

Ndị mmadụ na-enwebu ihe ha ga-ezo. Ịmepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ gụnyekwara mmepe nke ụzọ maka ichekwa ozi ndị a na-ebufe - izo ya ezo ma ọ bụ zoo ederede. E chepụtala ink ọmịiko dị iche iche maka usoro ikpeazụ. Ndị a bụ ihe ndị i mere ha A naghị ahụ ihe e dere edeOtú ọ dị, a na-ekpughe ya n'okpuru mmetụta nke, dịka ọmụmaatụ, kpo oku ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ na ihe ọzọ (onye mmepụta). Ịkwadebe ink mara mma na onye nrụpụta ya adịghị esi ike. O zuru ezu ịchọta mmeghachi omume nke a na-emepụta ngwaahịa agba. Ọ kachasị mma na ink n'onwe ya enweghị agba, mgbe ahụ, ihe odide nke ha mere ga-abụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụ anya na mkpụrụ nke agba ọ bụla.

Ngwakọta ígwè na-emekwa ink mara mma. Mgbe emechara ule ndị a kọwara na mbụ, enwere ike ịtụpụta ihe ngwọta nke ígwè (III) na FeCl chloride dị ka inks ọmịiko.₃, potassium thiocyanide KNCS na potassium ferrocyanide K₄[Fe(CN)₆]. Na mmeghachi omume FeCl₃ na cyanide ọ ga-acha uhie uhie, na ferrocyanide ọ ga-atụgharị na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. Ha ka mma dị ka ink. ngwọta nke thiocyanate na ferrocyanideebe ọ bụ na ha enweghị agba (na nke ikpeazụ, a ghaghị ịgbanye ngwọta ahụ). Ejiri ihe ngwọta na-acha odo odo nke FeCl mee ihe odide ahụ.₃ enwere ike ịhụ ya na akwụkwọ ọcha (ọ gwụla ma kaadị ahụ dịkwa edo edo).

6. Mascara ụda abụọ dị mma

7. Ink salicylic acid nwere ọmịiko

Kwadebe ngwọta diluted nke nnu niile ma jiri ahịhịa ma ọ bụ egwuregwu dee na kaadị na ngwọta nke cyanide na ferrocyanide. Jiri ahịhịa dị iche iche maka nke ọ bụla ka ọ ghara imerụ reagents. Mgbe akọrọ, yikwasị gloves nchebe ma mee ka ọ dị nro na mmiri FeCl.₃. Iron (III) chloride ngwọta na-emebi emebi na-ahapụkwa ntụpọ edo edo na-acha aja aja ka oge na-aga. N'ihi nke a, zere imebi akpụkpọ ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi na ya (mee nnwale na tray). Jiri swab owu metụ mpempe akwụkwọ aka ka ọ dajụọ n'elu ya. N'okpuru mmetụta nke onye mmepụta, mkpụrụedemede uhie na acha anụnụ anụnụ ga-apụta. Ọ ga-ekwe omume iji inks abụọ dee n'otu mpempe akwụkwọ, mgbe ahụ ihe odide ekpughere ga-abụ agba abụọ (6). mmanya salicylic (2% salicylic acid na mmanya) dịkwa mma dị ka ink na-acha anụnụ anụnụ (7).

Nke a mechiri isiokwu nwere akụkụ atọ gbasara ígwè na ogige ya. Ị chọpụtara na nke a bụ ihe dị mkpa, na mgbakwunye, ọ na-enye gị ohere ịme ọtụtụ nyocha na-adọrọ mmasị. Otú ọ dị, anyị ka ga-elekwasị anya na isiokwu "ígwè", n'ihi na n'ime otu ọnwa ị ga-ezute onye iro ya kacha njọ - corrosion.

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