Agha nke abụọ nke Caen: Julaị 1944

Cromwell nke 7th Army Division. oke ọzara; Ụbọchị mbụ nke ọrụ Goodwood, July 18, 1944. Nsogbu nke igwe nke ụdị a bụ, tinyere ihe ndị ọzọ, na silhouette ha angular yiri tankị German, nke kpatara njehie na-egbu egbu.

Mgbe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu ọnwa lụọ ọgụ na Normandy, Caen ka bụ ebe kacha amasị akụkụ abụọ ahụ. N'ịgbachitere ụzọ ọpụpụ Allied na larịị ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke obodo ahụ, ndị Germany achịkọtala ọtụtụ ngalaba ndị agha na mpaghara a nke ihu.

N'ụbọchị ikpeazụ nke June 1944, General Montgomery, onye ọchịagha nke 21st Army Group, dechara Operation Epsom. N'ịbụ onye batara n'usoro nchebe German n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Caen, ọ dọtara SS Panzer Corps n'agha. N'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke wedge, onye iro Britain bụ 12th SS Panzer Corps, Obergruppenführer Dietrich, n'oge ahụ mejupụtara ọbara ọgbụgba ma ka na-alụ ọgụ 1st SS Panzer Division. "Hitler Youth" na a rejimenti tank grenadiers (SS-Pz.Gren.Rgt 1), nke bụ vanguard na-aga n'ihu na Caen 9. SS-Pz.Div. "Leibstandarte". Site na ndịda na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, agha Britain jichiri II. SS-Pz.Korps Gruppenführer Bitrich dị ka akụkụ nke 10th SS-Pz.Div. "Hohenstaufen" na 2nd SS Panzer Division. "Frundsberg", nke Kampfgruppe Weidinger bụ ndị agha grenadier abụọ gbasiri ike nke ngalaba nke XNUMX SS Panzer. "Das Reich". Ugbu a ndị agha ndị a nọ na-agbalị inwetaghachi ala furu efu.

Mmepe a dị nnọọ ka Montgomery tụrụ anya ya. Site na mmalite, atụmatụ ya maka mgbasa ozi Normandy bụ ijikọ ebe nchekwa Rommel na Caen ruo mgbe ndị America dị njikere ịmalite mbuso agha site na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ ha na nnukwu arc site n'azụ. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ egwuregwu a ma ama na ọkụ, n'ihi na ndị Germany ejedebeghị onwe ha na nchebe kwụ ọtọ. Montgomery gwara ndị agha Anglo-Canadian 2nd ka ha gaa n'ihu na mbọ ha weghara Caen ma tinye nrụgide kachasị elu iji kwụsị ndị agha iro. N'otu oge ahụ, anyị aghaghị ịhụ na akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ anyị kwụsiri ike. Ndị iro nwere ugbu a nnukwu ndị agha na mpaghara Caen ma nwee ike iji ha chụghachite nnukwu mwakpo. Ya mere, ọ dị oke mkpa maka atụmatụ ime ihe n'ozuzu na ndị agha nke abụọ ejighị ụdị ịsụ ngọngọ tụpụ anyị n'usoro.

Churchill Crocodile, bụ́ onye ji ọkụ ọkụ, tụrụ ndị agha Germany ụjọ.

Ihe a na-egosipụtakarị na akwụkwọ ndị ahụ dị ka usoro mgbalị siri ike ijide Caen bụ n'ezie egwuregwu dị ize ndụ na ndị isi agha nke atọ Reich. A katọrọ Lieutenant General Dempsey, onye ọchịagha nke 2nd Army, maka ọsịsọ ọ gbaghachịrị site n'ebe ugwu 112 dị n'usoro na mwepụta nke tankị gaa n'akụkụ ugwu nke Osimiri Odon. Ihe omume nke July 1 gosiri, Otú ọ dị, otú ọ dị adị n'ihe ize ndụ na ndị Germany ga-ebibi bridgehead gafere Odon, weghaara n'ihi Operation Epsom, na mgbagha siri ike. N'isi ụtụtụ, ngalaba SS Panzer nke itoolu. Ndị Hohenstaufen na Battle Group Weidinger wakporo n'akụkụ ugwu nke osimiri ahụ na mbọ iji nwetaghachi Rore. Agha ahụ gara n'ihu ụbọchị dum. Nke 9 nke "West Riding" Infantry Division, nke a maara dị ka "Polar Bears", guzogidere n'ihi pola bear na akara nke unit ahụ. N'ikpeazụ, mbuso agha German dara n'ihi ọkụ ogbunigwe. N'ehihie, Oberturmbannführer Otto Meyer, ọchịagha nke SS-Pz.Rgt. 49 (armored regiment nke nkewa "Hohenstaufen"), o kwubiri akụkọ ọrụ ya n'isi ụlọ ọrụ na ntinye nke Dante: Hapụ olileanya niile na-abịa ebe a.

Mwakpo mgbagha ndị Britain weghachiri ahịrị n'ihu n'ụzọ ọ na-agabu. Ndị na-agba ọkụ nke Churchill agụ iyi merụrụ ndị grenadi na-ezo n'ime ogige, bụ ndị ndị agha na-ebuga tankị ndị ahụ gburu. N’oge na-adịghị anya ka agha ahụ gasịrị, otu Onyenwe anyị Howe-Hau, bụ́ onye na-agbasa mgbasa ozi Bekee na redio German, kpọrọ Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ndị Agha nke 49 na telifon. "Butchers" ma kwupụta na site ugbu a gaa n'ihu, a ga-agbapụ ndị agha ejidere nwere akara bea pola ozugbo. Ndị Germany debere okwu ha. Otu onye uwe ojii na ndị agha abụọ sitere na 1st/Tyneside Scots Regiment (1st Battalion Tyneside Scots) bụ ndị kwụsịrị na patrol ụbọchị ole na ole ka e mesịrị, e gburu ha. A hụrụ ozu ha na okpuru ulo nke nnukwu ụlọ Juvigny.

N'oge Agha nke Rohr, 10th SS Panzer Division. "Frundsberg" maliteghachiri mwakpo ahụ na bridgehead dị n'akụkụ ndịda nke Odon. Ndị Jamanị weghaara obodo Baron na nkenke, mana ebe a, mwakpo a gbaghaara ha wee laghachi n'azụ Hill 112, ọkụ ogbunigwe gbagburu n'ụzọ. Ndị na-eche nche Britain kọrọ na ihe dị ka ndị SS 300-400 nwụrụ na mkpọda ugwu. Akụkụ abụọ ahụ nwere nnukwu mfu n'ụbọchị ahụ (1 onye agha nwụrụ na 132nd/Tyneside Scots), ma maka ndị Germany ha dị arọ karịsịa. Kampfgruppe Weidinger, ebe ndị agha 642 nwụnahụrụ, gụnyere 108 gburu, ewepụrụ n'ọgụ maka Caen wee zighachi ya na ngalaba ụlọ ya ("Das Reich"). Otu n'ime usoro nchịkwa nke ngalaba Hohenstaufen (SS-Pz.Gren.Rgt. 20) na July 1 bụ ndị grenadiers 328 belatara, gụnyere 51 gburu. Nkewa niile, site na mgbe ha banyere n'agha ahụ na June 29 ruo mgbede nke July 2, dekọtara ọnwụ nke ndị agha 1145 na 16 Panthers, 10 PzKpfw IVs na XNUMX StuG.

Nke a bụ ọnụ ahịa German "ihe ịga nke ọma nchebe". Ndị German enwekwaghị echiche efu ọ bụla banyere onye meriri n'agha a na-emebi emebi. Von Schweppenburg, ọchịagha nke Panzer Group West, chọrọ ka ewepụrụ ngalaba ndị agha ahụ n'ọtụtụ ogbunigwe ndị agha mmiri.

Ọ bụ von Rundstedt, onye isi ndị agha Jamanị na Western Europe kwadoro ya. Hitler chụpụrụ ha abụọ ozugbo. Mgbe ahụ Rommel (ọchịagha nke Army Group B, onye ọrụ Montgomery n'akụkụ nke ọzọ) quipped - ka ọ tụgharịrị na amụma - M na-esote na ndepụta.

a na-akpọ ya kapet

N'ịtụle ọnọdụ ahụ n'ụbọchị mbụ nke Julaị, Montgomery kwuru: n'ọgbọ agha dị na Normandy amalitelarị ọdịdị dị mkpa iji gbasaa n'ihu n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ. Enwere m olileanya ịmalite ọrụ a na Julaị 3, mana mmepe na ọnọdụ ahụ gosipụtara na echiche ndị a nwere oke nchekwube. N'ezie, ọganihu a bịara naanị na Julaị 25. N'ezie, igbu oge na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ nwere mmetụta kpọmkwem na omume nke 2nd Army. Ọ dị ya mkpa itinye nrụgide dị ukwuu n'ahụ onye iro dị ka o kwere mee iji debe ya n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ.

Ebumnuche ọzọ nke mkpasu iwe ndị a bụ ọdụ ụgbọ elu Carpiquet, nke dị na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ nke Caen na obodo dị nso nke otu aha ahụ. Ọchịagha nke Canadian 3rd Infantry Division, nke e nyere ọrụ a, kenyere otu n'ime ndị agha ya bụ brigades, 8th Infantry Division. Ọ nwere ndị agha atọ: 1st / Royal (nke sitere na Queen's Own Rifles nke Canada), 1st / North Shores (nke sitere na North Shore New Brunswick Rgt) na 1st / Chauds na-asụ French (nke sitere na Le Régiment de la Chaudiere rejiment). . E nyere ha iwu site na brig. Kenneth Blackader. N'ime oge nke ọrụ ahụ, a na-etinye battalion ndị agha ọzọ - 1st / Winnipeg (nke sitere na Royal Winnipeg Fusiliers, akụkụ nke 7th Infantry Regiment) - na ụlọ ọrụ atọ nke Ottawa Cameron Highlanders, otu battalion "arọ" nkewa (igwe egbe na ngwa agha Vickers dị arọ) nọ n'okpuru iwu ya.

A ga-enye nkwado Armored site na 10th Armd Rgt (Fort Garry Horse) - otu n'ime ndị Canada regiments nke 2nd Armd Bde, nke mejupụtara atọ squadrons (ihe dị ka Sherman 60 n'ozuzu), yana squadrons atọ nke tankị pụrụ iche (otu onye ọ bụla sitere na Churchill AVRE, otu onye nke British Shermansco) Ngalaba ndị agha. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ndị agha ogbunigwe 79 (ihe dị ka égbè 21) kwesịrị ịkwado mwakpo ahụ na Carpiquet, na mgbakwunye na ụgbọ elu na ụgbọ mmiri nke Royal Navy. Ọnọdụ mmalite nke ndị Canada na obodo Marseilles bụ naanị 760 km site na ebumnuche nke ọrụ ahụ, koodu akpọrọ "Windsor".

Onye iro ha bụ battalion mbụ nke 26 Panzer Grenadier Regiment nke Hitler Youth Division (I./SS-Pz.Gren.Rgt. 26), ma ọ bụ karịa, ihe fọdụrụ na ya mgbe Operation Epsom gasịrị, i.e. banyere 150-200 agha (kama 1000). Agbanyeghị, ọdụ ụgbọ elu ahụ nwere bonka siri ike wuru nke Luftwaffe bụ nke na-enye mkpuchi sitere na ọkụ ogbunigwe, na netwọkụ nke ọwa kọnkịrị nwere ike ịbụ olulu mmiri. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, e nwere ebe dị larịị nke ọdụ ụgbọ elu, na-agbatị gburugburu, n'ime oghere nke 2 km, na-enye égbè mgbochi tank. na maka tankị ndị e gwuru, ebe ọkụ mara mma. Batrị nke anọ 8,8cm egbe mgbochi ụgbọ elu squadron ka etinyere na mpụga ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdụ ụgbọelu. Ndị ntorobịa Hitler. N'akụkụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdụ ụgbọ elu enwere PzKpfw IV ise sitere na ụlọ ọrụ 9th nke ngalaba tankị nke ngalaba (9./SS-Pz.Rgt. 12). Nkwado ogbunigwe, n'agbanyeghị na enweghị mgboagha nwere oke, bụ nke III./SS-Pz howitzers, art. 12 na ogbunigwe ogbunigwe (Werfer-Rgt. 83) nwere ndị na-ebu egbe Nebelwerfer.

Atụmatụ mkpasu iwe bụ maka ndị agha abụọ, 1st / North Shores na 1st / Chauds, ịwakpo obodo Carpike na hangars dị n'akụkụ ugwu nke ọdụ ụgbọ elu. N'oge a, 1st/Winnipeg Division ga-ejide akụkụ ndịda nke ọdụ ụgbọ elu na ebe nzuzo ya. Otu onye Sherman Squadron nke Fort Harry Horse Regiment na otu tankị raara onwe ya nye battalion ọ bụla na-akwado. Na akụkụ nke abụọ nke ọrụ ahụ, 1st / Queens ga-agafe na Karpike weghaara wee si n'ebe ahụ gbuo n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdụ ụgbọ elu, ebe ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ elu dị.

N'uhuruchi nke July 3, ụgbọ agha HMS Rodney wakporo ọdụ ụgbọ elu, na-aga na Gulf of Sensky. Site n'ebe dị anya nke ihe dị ka kilomita 24, ọ gbapụrụ volleys 15 sara mbara site na egbe itoolu ya dị 410 mm. N'isi ụtụtụ na Julaị 4, ndị Canada gara agha ahụ, na-agbaso oke agha na-akpụ akpụ. Ndị agha 1st / North Shores na 1st / Chauds battalions weghaara akụkụ ugwu nke ọdụ ụgbọ elu na obodo, ebe ihe dị ka 50 Hitler Youth Grenadiers na-agbachitere, n'enweghị nsogbu ọ bụla.

N'oge a, 1st/Winnipeg Division nwere nnukwu mfu site na ngwa agha na egbe egbe ka ọ na-erute ndị hangar dị na nsọtụ ndịda site na obodo mepere emepe. Maka ebumnuche nke mkpasu iwe ahụ, ọbụna Churchill-Crocodiles enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị Germany site na mgbidi ha na ndị na-ere ọkụ ha, ndị agha ahụ laghachiri n'ọnọdụ mbụ ha. O mere mgbalị nke abụọ n'ehihie ma oge a chere ọgụ megide ya. Panthers nke 1st na 2nd / SS-Pz.Rgt. Ndị otu Sherman so na ya bibiri tankị 12 e debere na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ nke Caen, nke tufuru isii n'ime tankị 15 ahụ. Ọzọkwa 1st/Winnipeg alaghachila na square one. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụsị nke ụbọchị ahụ, 8th Infantry Regiment na-achịkwa obodo nta na akụkụ ugwu nke ọdụ ụgbọ elu, ebe ndị SS na-achịkwa ebe nchekwa dị n'akụkụ ndịda na ụlọ ndị dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ.

Ndị Canada furu efu ndị agha 377 (gburu, merụrụ ahụ, efu). Agha a riri ndị Germany 155 grenadiers si I./SS-Pz.Gren.Rgt. 26, nke akwụsịla ịdị adị. Mgbe ọchịchịrị gasịrị, n'abalị nke July 4-5, SS-Pz.Gren.Rgt, nke e kenyere na ngalaba ndị ntorobịa Hitler, banyere n'agha maka Karpike. 1 (usoro egbe nke moto nke ngalaba Leibstandarte). Ndị agha ya nke abụọ weghaara ọnọdụ na nsọtụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdụ ụgbọ elu. N'otu oge ahụ, battalion nke atọ, nke ụlọ ọrụ Panther abụọ na-akwado (1st na 4th / SS-Pz.Rgt. 12), wakporo obodo Carpiquet si n'ebe ugwu, site n'akụkụ Frankville. Ndị agha 118 nwụnahụrụ ya (karịsịa n'ihi ọkụ nke Nebelwerfer na ogbunigwe ndị e kwesịrị ịkwado ya!) Ma n'isi ụtụtụ laghachiri n'azụ ụzọ Can Baie.

Ọganihu nke ọkara nke Operation Windsor butere oke iwe ọzọ na ogige Allied. Ọnọdụ ahụ dịkwa nnọọ ka agha siri ike nke trenchi nke 1914-1918, bụ́ nke kpasuru ọha mmadụ Britain obi n'ụzọ miri emi. Nkatọ ọzọ bụ na n'oge ahụ ndị agha Allied ala na France enweghị ike ime ihe ọ bụla iji kwụsị ogbunigwe nke England site na rọketi V-1 nke a gbapụrụ na mpaghara Pas de Calais. Eisenhower chetara na n'otu n'ime nleta Churchill n'oge a, Prime Minister nke Britain kwupụtara ndakpọ olileanya ya miri emi na ọnọdụ Caen.

O chetaziri onyeisi ọchịagha na ya nwere ikike ịchụ onye ọ bụla ọ na-ele anya na ọ dịghị mma, n'agbanyeghị ọkwá ma ọ bụ mba o si. Ọ bụ ntụaka doro anya nye Montgomery, onye nọgidere na-ekwusi ike na ihe niile na-aga n'ụzọ ya.

"Ndị Britain emebeghị ihe ọ bụla"

Eisenhower gara n'ihu na-adụ ọdụ ma na-agba ọchịagha nke 21st Army Group ume, mana ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nkatọ toro. Ọ sonyeere ya General Patton, onye isi Montgomery na-emegide n'oge Agha Sicily, onye rutere Normandy na mbido July ya na isi ụlọ ọrụ nke 1st Army ya. Na Julaị 3 o dere n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ya: Mụ na Bradley na Montgomery rie nri. Mgbe anyị risịrị nri abalị, anyị gara n'ụlọikwuu agha. N'ebe ahụ Montgomery gara n'ụzọ iji kọwaara anyị ihe kpatara na ndị Britain emebeghị ihe ọ bụla ruo ugbu a. Ha ejidebeghị Caen n'agbanyeghị na obodo ahụ bụ ebumnuche D-Day ha.

Montgomery wutere ndị America dịka ha na ha nọ. Ozugbo ha weghaara Cherbourg (nke mere na June 29), ọ tụrụ anya na ha ga-abanye ngwa ngwa na ngalaba ha. Izu ọzọ gafere na 1st Army ha ka na-arapara na swamps na hedgerows n'ebe ugwu nke Saint-Lô, ebe ọtụtụ n'ime okporo ụzọ na-aga n'ihu n'usoro agha. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, e nwere ndị agha ejikere nke ọma megide Bradley - 17th SS-Pz.Gren.Div. "Götz von Berlichingen" (tank grenadier division, nke gụnyere otu tank battalion) na 2nd SS-Pz.Div. "Das Reich". Ma ọ wakporo n'ihu sara mbara, na-enweghị mmasị na atụmatụ Montgomery maka ịwakpo "na German", n'ụdị Guderian - ọ họọrọ ebe etiti ike ndọda ma tie ya ozugbo.

The Kan clinch, mgbe ọ na-eje ozi nzube ya, Montgomery tụrụ aro, e bughị n'uche na ọ ga-adịru ogologo oge ahụ, wee si otú a na-enwekwu nsogbu maka ndị agha Britain-Canada. Ọganihu ubi nke abụọ Dempsey pụtara na enweghị ohere iji weta ndị agha ọhụrụ n'ọgụ ahụ. Iji mee ka ihe ka njọ, ọgụgụ isi dọrọ aka ná ntị na mgbe nnukwu iwu German mesịrị chọpụta na a gaghị enwe mwakpo nke abụọ nke Pas-de-Calais, ha ga-amalite ịkwaga ọtụtụ ndị agha na Normandy karịa ka ọ dị na mbụ. Montgomery maara na ọ dị ya mkpa ịkụgharị ọzọ ka ọ ghara ịhapụ ụzọ ahụ. Ya onwe ya kwuru, sị: "O doro anya na ndị iro na-enwewanye nchegbu banyere akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ ya, n'ihi ya, m kpebisiri ike imekwuwanye mgbalị anyị na 2nd Army n'ihu iji gbochie ịnyefe ndị agha agha ọzọ megide ndị America.

Ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke ọrụ mkparị na-esote bụ ijide akụkụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Caen, yana ebe akụkọ ihe mere eme nke obodo ahụ, site n'ịkwanye ndị iro n'ofe Osimiri Orne n'ime nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe (Faubourg de Vauxcelles). Otu na-enweta echiche na Montgomery kpebiri ịwakpo saịtị ahụ naanị iji mechie ndị nkatọ na-arụtụ aka na ọ ka ejidebeghị Caen. Enyere ọrụ a n'aka ngalaba ndị agha atọ nke otu narị otu narị na iri na ise nke onyeisi ndị agha. Crocker, bụ ndị ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ihe dị ka ndị agha 115 ọnụ.